RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Root debridement procedures for the treatment of periodontal diseases, produces root surface irregularities and smear layer on the root surface that can adversely affect the healing of periodontal tissues. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the surface texture of root after hand instrumentation with Gracey curette, After Five curette, and Mini Five curette. METHODS: A randomised, controlled clinical trial was conducted with 120 participants clinically diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Participants were equally randomised into four groups, with parallel treatment assignment of scaling and root planning using Gracey Curettes, After five and Mini five curette, and a control group with no instrumentation. Mobile teeth of these patients were then extracted atraumatically and analysed under a Scanning Electron Microscope and graded for "Roughness and Loss of Tooth substance index" and "Smear layer index." Cross Tabulation was made between the test groups (Control, Gracey Curette, After five, and Mini Five) versus "Roughness and Loss of Tooth substance Index" and "Smear Layer Index." A Chi-square test with Bonferroni correction was used to determine the graded distribution among the groups. RESULTS: In the control group, 73.3% of the teeth showed grade 1 roughness. In the Gracey group, 56.7% showed grade 2 roughness; in the After 5 group, 70% showed grade 3 roughness; in the Mini 5 group, 76.7% showed grade 3 roughness. A significant association was found between roughness scores and the use of individual instruments. Regarding smear layer formation, 46.7% of teeth showed a grade 4 smear layer in the control group. 50% of teeth showed grade 2 smear layer thickness in the Gracey group. In the After 5 group, 73.3% of teeth showed a grade 1 smear layer, while in the Mini 5 group, 80.0% showed a grade 1 smear layer. The use of individual instruments was significantly associated with the smear layer scores. CONCLUSION: Gracey curettes produced relatively smoother root surfaces with less smear layer formation than After Five and Mini Five curettes, which produced relatively more roughened root surfaces with thicker smear layer formation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ID: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04216966 Date of Registration: January 3, 2020.
Asunto(s)
Periodontitis Crónica , Capa de Barro Dentinario , Raspado Dental/métodos , Humanos , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Aplanamiento de la Raíz , Raíz del Diente/cirugíaRESUMEN
This investigation describes the preparation and in vitro evaluation of gastroretentive floating tablet of theophylline. Two hydrophilic cellulose derivatives, Methocel K100M and Methocel K15MCR were evaluated for their gel forming and release controlling properties. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were incorporated as gas generating agents. The effects of soluble components (sodium bicarbonate and citric acid), gel forming agents and amount variation of theophylline on drug release profile and floating properties were investigated. Tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. Formulations were evaluated for in vitro buoyancy and drug release study was evaluated for eight hours using USP XXII paddle-type dissolution apparatus using 0.1N HCl as dissolution medium. The release mechanisms were explored and explained with zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer equations. The release rate, extent and mechanisms were found to be governed by polymer and floating agent content. The content of active ingredient was also a vital factor in controlling drug release pattern. It was found that polymer content and amount of floating agent significantly affected the mean dissolution time, percentage drug release after 8 hours, release rate constant and diffusion exponent.