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Background: Cervical spondylosis is the most common cervical spine disorder which is clinically manifested by axial neck pain, stiffness, and limited movement and sometimes it is accompanied by tingling and radicular symptoms in the upper extremities. Pain is the most frequent complaint for which patients, suffering from cervical spondylosis, consult physicians. In conventional medicine, pain and other symptoms of cervical spondylosis are controlled by systemic and local use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), however long-term use of such medicines produces adverse effects like dyspepsia, gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcer and bleeding. Methods: We searched articles for neck pain, cervical spondylosis, cupping therapy, Hijama, etc. from various databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE. We also searched for these topics in the books of Unani medicine available in HMS Central Library, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India. Results: This review elucidated that in Unani medicine several non-pharmacological regimens known as Ilaj bi'l Tadbir (Regimenal therapies) are advised in the management of painful musculoskeletal disorders. Hijama (cupping therapy) stands out among all these regimens and in most of the classical Unani literature, Hijama is suggested as one of the best regimens for the management of pain in Waja' al-Mafasil including Waja' al-'Unuq (cervical spondylosis). Conclusion: On going through the classical texts of Unani medicine and published research papers, it may be concluded that Hijama is a safe and effective non-pharmacological treatment for the management of pain due to cervical spondylosis.

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BACKGROUND: Exercise therapy can potentially relieve symptoms and improve functional status of the knee osteoarthritis population. Despite the proved practical benefits, there is no standard, comprehensive physiotherapeutic protocol available targeting the physical and physiological impairment cluster associated with disease. Osteoarthritis is a whole joint disease, affecting joint cartilage, ligaments, menisci and joint associated muscles, from variable pathophysiological processes. Hence, there is a need to develop a physiotherapy protocol to address the multi-structural physical, physiological and functional impairments associated with the disease. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of designed, therapist supervised, patient education, progressive resistance exercises, passive stretching exercises, soft tissue manipulation, muscle energy technique, Maitland mobilization, aerobic exercise, and neuromuscular training physiotherapy protocol on pain, disability, balance, and physical functional performance in knee osteoarthritis patients. METHODOLOGY: The preliminary study was conducted on a (n = 60) sample of convenience. The samples were randomly allocated into two study groups, intervention, and control group. The control group was advised on a basic home program. On the other hand, the treatment of the intervention group was designed with a therapist supervised Physiotherapy Protocol. The outcome variables studied were the Visual Analogue Scale, Modified WOMAC Scale, Timed Up and Go Test, Functional Reach Test, 40 m Fast Paced Walk Test, Stair Climb Test, 30 s Chair Stand Test. RESULTS: The results of the study revealed a significant improvement among most of the studied outcome measures in the intervention group, hence the designed supervised physiotherapy protocol was found effective in relieving multiple physiological impairments associated with this whole joint disease.

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Background: Previous studies have examined the mode specificity of eccentric and concentric isokinetic training, but have reported conflicting results. Few studies have reported that eccentric and concentric isokinetic training are mode-specific, i.e., they will increase only the eccentric or concentric strength, respectively. Other studies have reported that mode specificity does not exist. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the mode-specific effects of eccentric and concentric isokinetic training of the hamstring muscle at slow angular velocity on eccentric peak torque of the hamstring (PTecc), concentric peak torque of the quadriceps (PTcon), acceleration time of the hamstring (AThams) and quadriceps (ATquad), deceleration time of the hamstring (DThams) and quadriceps (DTquad), time to peak torque of the hamstring (TPThams) and quadriceps (TPTquad), and functional Hamstring-to-Quadriceps ratio (PTecc/PTcon). Subjects: A total of 30 participants were randomly divided into eccentric and concentric groups. Methods: Two groups pre-test-post-test experimental design was used. In the eccentric and concentric groups, eccentric and concentric isokinetic training of hamstring muscle was performed respectively, at an angular velocity of 60°/s for 6 weeks duration. PTecc, PTcon, AThams, ATquad, DThams, DTquad, TPThams, TPTquad, and PTecc/PTcon were measured before and after the completion of training. Results: In the eccentric group, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in PTecc (increased by 21.55%), AThams (decreased by 42.33%), ATquad (decreased by 28.74%), and PTecc/PTcon (increased by 17.59%). No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in PTcon, TPThams, TPTquad, DThams, and DTquad. In the concentric group, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in PTecc (increased by 12.95%), AThams (decreased by 27.38%) ATquad (decreased by 22.08%), DTquad (decreased by 26.86%), and PTecc/PTcon (increased by 8.35%). No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in PTquad, TPThams, TPTquad, and DThams. Between-group analysis revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) only in TPTquad; otherwise, in the rest of the parameters, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed. Conclusions: Both eccentric and concentric isokinetic training of the hamstring for 6 weeks increased PTecc, PTecc/PTcon, and decreased AThams and ATquad. The effects of eccentric and concentric isokinetic training of the hamstring on PTecc, PTecc/PTcon, AThams, and ATquad were not mode specific.

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PURPOSE: This study was aimed at comparing the effects of TheraBand and theratube eccentric exercises on quadriceps muscle strength in young adults. METHODS: Thirty young adults (19 females, 11 males) participated in this pretest-posttest experimental study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: TheraBand and theratube groups. They received the training intervention 3 times a week for 4 weeks (12 sessions) with progression after 2 weeks. Maximum eccentric quadriceps strength was assessed using the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer system. Additionally, quadriceps muscle mass was measured using a tape. RESULTS: Both groups showed a significant improvement in the peak torque of the eccentric isokinetic quadriceps' strength after weeks 2 and 4. Strength change in the quadriceps was nonsignificant in the theratube group compared to the TheraBand group after 4 weeks of training (p < 0.05). There was no increase in muscle mass during the 4 weeks of training in any group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both the TheraBand and theratube are equally effective in the strengthening of the quadriceps muscle in young adults. Therefore, either the TheraBand or theratube may be used according to the availability and feasibility of the subjects for training intervention.

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