RESUMEN
A 12 week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary zinc levels on Heteropneustes fossilis. Triplicate groups of fish were fed isoproteic (CP; 400 g/kg) and isocaloric (GE; 17.89 kJ/g) diets increasing levels of zinc (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mg/kg) achieved by supplementing zinc sulphate heptahydrate to basal diet. Analysed concentrations of zinc in diets were 10.68, 15.83, 21.34, 26.74, 30.61, 34.91 and 41.34 mg/kg. Growth indices increased linearly (P<0.05) up to 26.74 mg/kg Zn. The protein and ash content of whole body also improved significantly up to 26.74 mg/kg Zn. Whole body fat content showed inverse pattern. Haematological parameters also showed an improving trend with the increase in dietary zinc up to 26.74 mg/kg and then levelled off. Activities of antioxidant enzymes were improved with the increase in dietary zinc level up to 26.74 mg/kg followed by no significant change (P>0.05). Serum lysozyme activity also exhibited the similar pattern. Immune response in terms of the activities of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and myeloperoxidase was also improved with the increase in dietary zinc levels up to 26.74 mg/kg. Dietary zinc levels affected significantly the whole body as well as vertebrae mineralization. Broken-line regression analysis of weight gain, vertebrae zinc activity, serum superoxide dismutase and protease activity against increasing amounts of dietary zinc revealed that the inclusion of zinc in diet in the range of 26.82-29.84 mg/kg is optimum for growth, haematological indices, antioxidant status, immune response and tissue mineralization in fingerling H. fossilis. The information obtained from present study would be helpful in formulating the zinc-balanced commercial feeds to improve the growth and health status of this important fish, thus contributing to aquaculture production and strengthening the food security.
Asunto(s)
Calcinosis , Bagres , Animales , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Bagres/metabolismo , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Muramidasa , Proteínas , Zinc/farmacologíaRESUMEN
To find out the dietary leucine requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (5.24 ± 0.07 g), six purified experimental diets (45% CP and 14.73 kJ/g DE) with various leucine concentrations (0.5, 1.0,1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% diet) were fed to apparent satiation to triplicate groups for 12 weeks (714/02/a/CPCSEA). Absolute weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein and leucine retention efficiency, and RNA/DNA ratio improved up to 2.0% leucine in the diet. Carcass protein and fat increased significantly with increasing leucine levels up to a 2.0% dry diet. Moisture content showed a reverse pattern. Red blood corpuscles hemoglobin and hematocrit increased with incremental levels of leucine up to 2.0% diet. Significant changes were also noted in serum total protein, superoxide dismutase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lysozyme activity. Serum protein, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activity were positively correlated with increasing leucine levels up to 2.0% diet, whereas aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase showed the opposite trend. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of absolute weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein, and leucine retention efficiency, inclusion of 2.0% leucine is recommended for optimum growth of fingerling C. punctatus.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Muramidasa , Animales , Leucina/metabolismo , Alanina Transaminasa , Peces/metabolismo , Dieta , Aumento de Peso , Aspartato Aminotransferasas , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisisRESUMEN
Dietary thiamin requirement of fingerling Catla catla (3.5 ± 0.15 g) was evaluated by feeding casein-gelatin-based iso-nitrogenous (350 g/kg crude protein) and iso-caloric (16.72 kJ/g GE) diets containing six graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg/kg dry diet) for 12 weeks. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (AWG), best feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein retention efficiency (PRE), RNA/DNA ratio and haematological indices were recorded in fish fed diet containing 0.8 mg/kg thiamin. Dietary thiamin supplementation improved transketolase activity (TKA) and maximum value was recorded in fish fed 0.8 mg/kg thiamin beyond which stagnation in TKA activity was evident. Liver thiamin concentration was found to be maximum in fish fed diet containing 1.6 mg/kg thiamin. A significant (p < 0.05) consistent reduction in the hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) activity was displayed with incremental concentration of thiamin up to 0.8 mg/kg, beyond which a reverse trend was evident. However, a significant (p < 0.05) improvement was noted in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity with the increasing level of dietary thiamin from 0 to 0.8 mg/kg. Broken-line regression analysis of AWG, FCR, PRE and TKA estimated the requirement in the range of 0.74-0.79 mg/kg dry diet.
Asunto(s)
Carpas , Cyprinidae , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Cyprinidae/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Necesidades Nutricionales , TiaminaRESUMEN
A growth trial was performed to optimise the inclusion of potassium (K) in feeds of Heteropneustes fossilis (body weight [BW] 6.92 ± 0.1 g). Eight isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with varying dietary K levels were prepared by supplementing 0, 1.91, 3.82, 5.73, 7.64, 9.55, 11.46 and 13.37 g KCl/kg basal diet. Analysed dietary K levels were 0.16, 1.12, 2.08, 3.19, 4.18, 5.16, 6.11, 7.14 and 8.16 g/kg dry matter. BW gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein gain (PG) and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity were best in fish fed 4.18 g K/kg diet. The K concentrations in the whole body and vertebrae increased linearly with the increase up to 5.16 g K/kg diet and reached then a plateau. The K-retention [%] was highest in fish fed the basal diet and decreased with the further inclusion of dietary K up to 2.08 g/kg followed by no change up to diet containing 4.18 g K/kg and then declined further in fish fed higher levels of dietary K. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was found to increase up to 4.18 g K/kg diet. Regression of BW gain, PG, gill Na+/K+-ATPase and vertebrae K concentration against varying levels of dietary K using broken-line model indicated that an inclusion of 5.44 g K/kg diet is the optimum for maximising growth and mineralisation of H. fossilis.
Asunto(s)
Bagres/fisiología , Proteínas de Peces/genética , Potasio/metabolismo , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/genética , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Composición Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Bagres/crecimiento & desarrollo , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Proteínas de Peces/metabolismo , Potasio/administración & dosificación , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/metabolismoRESUMEN
Seven isonitrogenous (400 g/kg crude protein) and isocaloric (17.89 kJ/g gross energy) purified diets (casein-gelatin based) with different concentrations of calcium (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 g/kg) supplemented with calcium lactate at the levels of 0, 5.4, 10.8, 16.3, 21.8, 27.27 and 32.73 g/kg were prepared and fed for 12 weeks to triplicate groups of Heteropneustes fossilis (7.46 ± 0.03 g) to determine the optimum dietary calcium requirement. Analysed values of calcium in the diets were 2.41, 3.82, 4.56, 5.99, 6.71, 7.40 and 8.19 g/kg, respectively. Absolute weight gain, specific growth rate, protein retention efficiency, protein gain and feed conversion ratio of fish fed diets with increasing levels of dietary calcium improved up to 5.99 g/kg and then levelled off. Whole-body protein, moisture and ash contents improved up to 5.99 g/kg dietary calcium and stabilized thereafter. However, whole-body fat exhibited reverse pattern and decreased with incremental levels of dietary calcium up to 5.99 g/kg. Whole-body and vertebrae mineralization was also significantly affected (p < .05) by the increasing dietary calcium levels. Alkaline phosphatase activity improved significantly (p < .05) up to 6.71 g/kg, and no change was recorded beyond this level. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations were not influenced (p > .05) by dietary calcium levels. The Ca-P ratio remained static in the whole body, vertebrae and serum. Broken-line regression analysis of data obtained on growth, mineralization and serum ALP activity against increasing levels of dietary calcium reflected the optimum calcium requirement between 5.77-6.81 g/kg diet.
Asunto(s)
Fosfatasa Alcalina/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Calcificación Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Calcio de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Bagres/crecimiento & desarrollo , Necesidades Nutricionales , Fosfatasa Alcalina/genética , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Composición Corporal , Dieta/veterinaria , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Metabolismo Energético , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
A 12-week experiment was conducted to quantify dietary lysine requirement of fingerling Catla catla (3.65 ± 0.05 cm; 0.58 ± 0.02 g) by feeding casein-gelatine-based diets (33.0 % crude protein; 14.3 kJ/g digestible energy) with six levels of L-lysine (1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.25 and 2.50 % dry diet). The experiment was conducted in eighteen 70-L indoor polyvinyl circular troughs provided with a water flow-through system (1-1.5 L/min). Live weight gain (LWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein deposition (PD), lysine retention efficiency (LRE%) and RNA/DNA ratio were used as the response criteria. Second-degree polynomial regression analysis at 95 % maximum and minimum response of LWG and FCR data exhibited the lysine requirement between 1.8 and 1.9 % dry diet, corresponding to 5.5-5.7 % dietary protein. Regression analysis of PD, LRE and RNA/DNA ratio yielded the requirement between 1.7 and 1.8 % dry diet, corresponding to 5.2-5.5 % dietary protein. Since live weight gain and protein deposition are the key parameters for estimating nutrient requirement, these tools were used to recommend the lysine requirement of fingerling C. catla which ranges between 1.7 and 1.8 % dry diet. Data generated during this study will be useful to formulate lysine-balanced feed for intensive culture of this fish.
Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales/fisiología , Acuicultura/métodos , Cyprinidae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cyprinidae/metabolismo , Suplementos Dietéticos , Lisina/farmacología , Necesidades Nutricionales/fisiología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , ADN/análisis , Lisina/administración & dosificación , ARN/análisis , Análisis de RegresiónRESUMEN
In this work by means of PL, FTIR and XPS techniques, state-of-the-art porous silicon (PS) films with good mechanical and optical properties have been effectively utilized for the biofunctionalization purpose for its possible application in immunosensors. The functionalization of the PS surface has been achieved by silanization process using aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) as a precursor. The presence of reactive amino groups on the PS surface along with glutaraldehyde as a linker aids in the covalent binding of the antibody (Human IgG) onto the PS surface. Different antigen concentrations can be detected with a good reproducibility with this technique which opens a huge possibility of using this biofunctionalized material for future biosensors.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Nanoestructuras/química , Silicio/química , Anticuerpos Inmovilizados/química , Electroquímica , Humanos , Inmunoensayo/instrumentación , Inmunoensayo/métodos , Inmunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Porosidad , Unión Proteica , Silicio/metabolismo , Silicio/farmacología , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
An 8-week growth trial was conducted to assess the effect of dietary protein on growth, feed utilization, protein retention efficiency, and body composition of young Heteropneustes fossilis (10.02 +/- 0.09 g; 9.93 +/- 0.07 cm). Isocaloric (4.15 kcal g(-1), GE) diets with varying levels of protein (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50% of the diet) were fed near to satiation to triplicate groups of fish. Optimum dietary protein was determined by analyzing live weight gain (LWG%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR%), and protein retention efficiency (PRE%) data. Maximum LWG% (167), best FCR (1.42), PER (1.75), SGR (1.76), and PRE (31.7%) were evident in fish fed 40% protein diet (Diet 4). Body protein data also supported the above level. However, second-degree polynomial regression analysis of the above data indicated that inclusion of dietary protein in the range of 40-43% is optimum for the growth of young H. fossilis.
Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales/efectos de los fármacos , Acuicultura/métodos , Composición Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Bagres/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bagres/metabolismo , Proteínas en la Dieta/farmacología , Proteínas/metabolismo , Animales , Peso Corporal , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Análisis de RegresiónRESUMEN
Three 8-week growth experiments were conducted to quantify the requirements of the fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for the dietary branched-chain amino acids valine (experiment 1), isoleucine (experiment 2) and leucine (experiment 3). Six isonitrogenous (400 g/kg) and isoenergetic (17.90 kJ/g) test diets were formulated with a gradation of 2.5 g/kg for each test amino acid, valine (7.5-20 g/kg), isoleucine (5.0-17.5 g/kg) and leucine (7.5-20 g/kg), and fed to randomly stocked fish in circular troughs. In experiment 1, the maximum weight gain (312 %), best feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.45) and best protein efficiency ratio (PER; 1.72) were obtained in fish fed 15.0 g dietary valine/kg. In experiment 2, the highest weight gain (317 %), best FCR (1.47) and best PER (1.70) were recorded at 12.5 g dietary isoleucine/kg, and in experiment 3, the highest weight gain (308 %), best FCR (1.46) and best PER (1.71) were noted at 15.0 g dietary leucine/kg. A quadratic regression analysis of weight gain, FCR and PER data showed an optimum requirement at 15.9, 15.0 and 14.8 g/kg for valine, 13.2, 12.3 and 12.1 g/kg for isoleucine and 15.6, 15.4 and 15.1 g/kg for leucine in dry diets. Low body moisture and higher protein were noted in fish fed diets containing 15.5, 12.5 and 15.0 g valine, isoleucine and leucine per kg, respectively. Body fat increased with increasing levels of the branched-chain amino acids. On the basis of a regression analysis of growth data, it is recommended that a diet for C. mrigala should contain valine at 15.2, isoleucine at 12.6 and leucine at 15.4 g/kg dry diet, corresponding to 38.0, 31.5 and 38.5 g/kg dietary protein, respectively.