RESUMEN
In the present paper, it is attempted to carry out computer simulation studies for Kanhan river stretch using MIKE-11 modeling tool to evaluate Assimilative Capacity (AC) based on existing and projected waste load scenarios. AC of Kanhan river was estimated in relation to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO). MIKE-11 model simulates the DO and BOD parameters in a one dimensional fashion by calibrating with field data different constant and model parameters. The modeling studies would help in deciding the appropriate waste load allocation based on stream's AC rather than simple effluent standards. The model studies will provide vital information and greater insight into the impact of point and non-point sources of pollution on quality of Kanhan river in a stretch of 120 km.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Teóricos , Ríos/química , Contaminación del Agua , Análisis de la Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno , Simulación por ComputadorRESUMEN
Water is precious natural resource for sustaining life and environment. Effective and sustainable management of water resources is vital for ensuring sustainable development. In view of the vital importance of water for human and animal life, for maintaining ecological balance and for economic and developmental activities of all kinds, and considering its increasing scarcity, the planning and management of water resource and its optimal, economical and equitable use has become a matter of the utmost urgency. Management of water resources in India is of paramount importance to sustain one billion plus population. Water management is a composite area with linkage to various sectors of Indian economy including the agricultural, industrial, domestic and household, power, environment, fisheries and transportation sector. The water resources management practices should be based on increasing the water supply and managing the water demand under the stressed water availability conditions. For maintaining the quality of freshwater, water quality management strategies are required to be evolved and implemented. Decision support systems are required to be developed for planning and management of the water resources project. There is interplay of various factors that govern access and utilization of water resources and in light of the increasing demand for water it becomes important to look for holistic and people-centered approaches for water management. Clearly, drinking water is too fundamental and serious an issue to be left to one institution alone. It needs the combined initiative and action of all, if at all we are serious in socioeconomic development. Safe drinking water can be assured, provided we set our mind to address it. The present article deals with the review of various options for sustainable water resource management in India.
Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Abastecimiento de Agua , Humanos , India , Abastecimiento de Agua/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
The Himalayan region of Tehri Garhwal in India has scattered habitations in the villages with scanty, non-perennial and unsafe water resources like springs and streams. Poor environmental conditions arising from unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitary measures, unhygienic disposal of excreta, sullage and accumulation of solid wastes have resulted in poor public health. The experiences gained through water supply and sanitation studies carried out especially in this rural area have been shared in this paper so as to enable adoption of relevant practices and technologies developed by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI, India) in the affected areas. Environmental protection of the streams and springs for sustained water availability and safe drinking water supply was ensured with active public participation, training, and awareness programs. Various surface rainwater harvesting structures were constructed at suitable sites along with ferro-cement roofwater harvesting tanks in selected villages. The activities related to designing and commissioning of a small slow sand filtration unit were carried out at Chhati (Nakot) village for safe drinking water supply. Chlorination pots were demonstrated and installed in rainwater harvesting tanks for disinfection of water for drinking purpose. Water quality assessment and health survey (parasitic and hemoglobin investigation) in the affected villages were carried out before and after technological intervention. The training and awareness programs were organised for people of 23 villages in the study area covering water and sanitation related topics. The beneficiary's opinions, perceptions, apprehensions, as well as expectations reflected positive approach towards the achievement of anticipated benefits and impacts.
Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Abastecimiento de Agua , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Agua Dulce/parasitología , Geografía , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Masculino , Metales Pesados/análisis , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades Parasitarias/epidemiología , Enfermedades Parasitarias/transmisión , Salud Pública , Lluvia , Población Rural , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Purificación del Agua , Abastecimiento de Agua/análisis , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Water quality evaluation of Kanhan river and its tributaries viz. Pench and Nag rivers was carried out in order to assess the qualitative changes and possibility of point and non-point pollution loads in these rivers for the post monsoon and summer seasons. pH, turbidity, conductivity, total alkalinity and total hardness were found in the range 7.18.7, 0.835 (NTU), 227970 (microScm(-1)), 7.18.7, 158486 (mg/L) and 142246 (mg/L), respectively. Ca, Mg, Na and K were in the range 2462, 1328, 15183 and 333 mg/L, respectively. The respective ranges of Cl, SO(4), NO(3) and PO(4) were observed between 19102, 823, 332 and 0.11.4 mg/L. DO and COD in the rivers ranged between nil to 8.5 and 7172 mg/L, respectively. Absence of DO and higher COD in Nag river is due to its sewage content from Nagpur city. Nag river showed higher bacterial counts than Kanhan and Pench rivers. The temporal and spatial variability in the river water quality may be attributed to catchment characteristics, agricultural and urban activities in catchment and on the bank of the river. The values of RSC, ESP and SAR indicated that the water of Kanhan and Pench rivers are suitable, whereas that of Nag river is unsuitable for irrigation purpose.
Asunto(s)
Ríos/química , Movimientos del Agua , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Contaminación del Agua/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , India , Salinidad , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
Watershed management is a holistic approach to managing water resources for quality and quantity within a watershed. The watershed approach is an ongoing cycle of tasks which includes important steps like planning, data collection, assessment and targeting, strategy development and implementation. In planning phase, the watershed unit and resource personnel are identified. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of water resources including point and non-point pollution sources are obtained during data collection. Assessment and targeting compare the current water quality to the established standards for water uses and water quality management in water supply. The strategies need to be developed to maintain water quality standards and meet future demands. The final step in watershed approach is the implementation of goals and strategies through permits, best management practices and education programs.
Asunto(s)
Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Contaminación del Agua/análisis , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Abastecimiento de Agua , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecología , Ecosistema , Ambiente , Restauración y Remediación Ambiental , Administración de Residuos , AguaRESUMEN
Water quality analyses were carried out on surface and subsurface samples collected from four villages in Nagpur district. Out of 68 samples, 36 had TDS exceeding the desirable limit i.e. 500 mg/l, out of which one dug well from Parsodi exceeded the permissible limit--2000 mg/l. Fluoride concentration in 3 sources exceeded desirable limit 1.0 mg/l. Nitrate exceeded desirable limit of (45 mg/l) in 18 sources, out of which one borewell sample from Salwa exceeded the permissible limit--100 mg/l. The iron content found 1.0 mg/l in 9 samples and 3.9 mg/l in one handpump water sample from Salwa. Total hardness exceeded permissible limit (600 mg/l) in 8 samples. Maximum hardness (3,582 mg/l), chloride (1,716 mg/l) and magnesium (572 mg/l) were observed in dug well samples from Parsodi. Trace metal concentrations in all the samples were well within the desiragle limit. Arsenic was not observed in any samples. Pesticide levels found within the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) guidelines regulated for drinking water. 71% of the sources were positive for TC, out of which 94% and 79% sources were found positive for FC and FS respectively. Significant increase in bacterial counts between sources and eventual use has been noticed.