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Impaired T cell immunity with aging increases mortality from infectious disease. The branching of Asparagine-linked glycans is a critical negative regulator of T cell immunity. Here we show that branching increases with age in females more than males, in naïve more than memory T cells, and in CD4+ more than CD8+ T cells. Female sex hormones and thymic output of naïve T cells (TN) decrease with age, however neither thymectomy nor ovariectomy altered branching. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) signaling was increased in old female more than male mouse TN cells, and triggered increased branching. N-acetylglucosamine, a rate-limiting metabolite for branching, increased with age in humans and synergized with IL-7 to raise branching. Reversing elevated branching rejuvenated T cell function and reduced severity of Salmonella infection in old female mice. These data suggest sex-dimorphic antagonistic pleiotropy, where IL-7 initially benefits immunity through TN maintenance but inhibits TN function by raising branching synergistically with age-dependent increases in N-acetylglucosamine.

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Aim of this study was to evaluate effect of supplemental of essential phospholipids (EPL) on the treatment efficacy in patients with moderate psoriasis. One hundred and thirty-two subjects over 18 years of age with diagnosed psoriasis participated in this study. Patients were randomly assigned two treatment groups. Two types of treatment were used for the treatment of the patients. First group of patients received conventional treatment which included systemic immunosuppressant, antihistamine, calcium gluconate, and topical salicylic acid. Second group (n = 67) received same treatment with supplemental EPL. Data was comprised of age, gender, psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) and dermatological life quality index (DLQI) scores, other clinical/laboratory characteristics including TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-2, INF-γ, IL-10, and TGF-ß. All measurements were done before and after treatments. After treatment in the treatment groups the PASI scores decreased to 4.5 (SD ± 2.66) and 2.09 (SD ± 1.09) respectively. The observed difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Change of PASI score was greater in group II on average by 2.81 (SD ± 0.38). After treatment in both groups the DLQI scores decreased to 4.42 (SD ± 1.23) and 3.91 (SD ± 0.34), respectively. The observed difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Change of DLQI score was greater in group II on average by 4.29 (SD ± 0.44). We can state that addition of EPL to the standard treatment can improve treatment outcomes and quality of life in patients with moderate psoriasis.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of intradermal injections of modified hyaluronic acid (mHA) and combined injections of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and mHA (HA-PRP) on clinical and functional parameters in women with second-degree photoaging. METHODS: Seventy-six healthy female participants diagnosed with second degree of skin photoaging were involved in two interventional study groups. The first group was treated with "bio-reparative" method (mHA) and the second group with "combined HA-PRP therapy". Additionally, 20 practically healthy women, with the first degree of photoaging according to Glogau classification, constituted the control group. Parameters of facial skin were evaluated in all groups before and after the injections. The patients in both interventional groups were compared based on skin therapy outcomes, using corneometry, sebumetry, cutometry, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and skin pH assessments. A post-interventional analysis was conducted to evaluate the level of satisfaction in physicians and study participants in accordance with GAIS. Intragroup and between-group analysis for the selected parameters was performed. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the combined therapy group did not show significant difference in parameters (p > 0.05) and the scores were significantly improved compared to mHA group (p < 0.001). Control and HA-PRP-treated groups were different only in sebumetry scores (SigDev = 2.1%). Significant difference was observed in the GAIS scores for patients between the interventional groups (p = 4.03297E-11 and 3.4093E-09, respectively). CONCLUSION: Implementation of combined therapy is significantly effective compared to the mHA therapy alone. The higher efficacy is derived from significant recovery of functional parameters and GAIS survey results.

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Essential biological systems employ self-correcting mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis. Mammalian cell function is dynamically regulated by the interaction of cell surface galectins with branched N-glycans. Here we report that N-glycan branching deficiency triggers the Golgi to generate bioequivalent N-glycans that preserve galectin-glycoprotein interactions and cellular homeostasis. Galectins bind N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) units within N-glycans initiated from UDP-GlcNAc by the medial-Golgi branching enzymes as well as the trans-Golgi poly-LacNAc extension enzyme ß1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (B3GNT). Marginally reducing LacNAc content by limiting N-glycans to three branches results in T-cell hyperactivity and autoimmunity; yet further restricting branching does not produce a more hyperactive state. Rather, new poly-LacNAc extension by B3GNT maintains galectin binding and immune homeostasis. Poly-LacNAc extension is triggered by redistribution of unused UDP-GlcNAc from the medial to trans-Golgi via inter-cisternal tubules. These data demonstrate the functional equivalency of structurally dissimilar N-glycans and suggest a self-correcting feature of the Golgi that sustains cellular homeostasis.

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