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We have systematically characterized neuronal survival and growth in cultures derived from newborn/postnatal day 1 mouse cochlea. Dissociated cultures of the cochlear spiral ganglion provide an experimental environment in which to examine molecular mechanisms of survival, development and physiology of auditory neurons. To relate survival to the total number of neurons present in the source tissue, three cochleas from different newborn CD-1 mice were embedded in Araldite resin and serially sectioned at 5 mum thickness. All neurons were counted. To avoid overcounting, each section served as a lookup section for the next, giving 8240+/-423 (S.D.) neurons per ganglion. Cultures maintained in the presence of adjacent non-neural tissue, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and 10% fetal bovine serum returned the best overall survival (30%) at 42 h post-plating. Best overall survival required the continuous presence of a serum component(s) larger than 100,000 MW. Plating efficiency (number of neurons that attach to the well after 4 h) was similar in the presence or absence of LIF. Inclusion of LIF maintained 100% survival of plated neurons over 42 h of culture; without LIF, a large fraction of the neurons did not survive. LIF appeared to maintain survival by preferentially preserving a population of bipolar neurons, while having little effect on the number of monopolar neurons. This work provides quantitative measures of survival and morphology of auditory neurons in vitro. The results support the idea that survival of spiral ganglion neurons in vivo may depend on interactions with adjacent, non-neural tissue and raise the possibility that maintenance of bipolar morphology after hair cell damage may require biochemical mechanisms in addition to those induced by neurotrophins.

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BACKGROUND: Almost all attempts at establishing prostate carcinoma cell lines have resulted in generation of cells that are androgen-independent, including commonly used LNCaP which expresses androgen receptor (AR) and AR-negative Du145 and PC-3. We attempted to clarify the mechanism(s) responsible for the failure to respond to androgen. METHODS: Cell lines LNCaP, CWR22R, PC-3, Du145, and CA7T2CL were used to examine the AR promoter function with a reporter gene assay and its methylation status by Southern blot, PCR of bisulfite-converted DNA, and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. Structural abnormalities of the AR were identified by sequencing of reverse-transcribed mRNA. RESULTS: All tested AR-positive prostate carcinoma cells were capable of AR transcription at a significantly higher level than PC-3 and Du145, thus suggesting relative deficiency of the transcription factors in the AR-negative cells, further associated with methylation. Examination of CWR22R cells, which express the AR but are androgen-independent, identified an in-frame duplication of exon 3, which resulted in insertion of 39 amino acids in the DNA-binding domain. CONCLUSIONS: Relative deficiency of transcription factors associated with methylation is responsible for the lack of AR promoter function in most of AR-negative cell lines. Mutations in the AR gene are present in the cells that express the AR but are androgen-independent.

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One of the tight junction components, zonula occludens protein 2 (ZO-2), is expressed as two isoforms, ZO-2A and ZO-2C, in normal epithelia. In pancreatic adenocarcinoma of the ductal type ZO-2A is absent, but none of the common mechanisms of gene inactivation is responsible for lack of ZO-2A expression. In the current study, we report the complete organization of the human zo-2 gene (tjp-2), its alternative splicing, and its expression in normal and neoplastic tissues of several organ sites. In addition to pancreatic adenocarcinoma, ZO-2 was found to be de-regulated in breast adenocarcinoma, but not in colon or prostate adenocarcinoma. The latter are considered to be of acinar rather than ductal type. Thus, our data indicate the importance of zo-2 (tjp-2) gene regulation in ductal cancer development and should help to understand the defects of intercellular interactions, critical for suppressing the malignant phenotype.

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We have observed that 2 forms of zonula occludens 2 (ZO-2) protein, ZO-2A and ZO-2C, are expressed in normal human pancreatic duct cells, but only ZO-2C in pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma. We report here partial organization of the zo-2 gene. Transcription of 2 forms of ZO-2 mRNA is driven by alternative promoters P(A) and P(C). Lack of expression of ZO-2A in neoplastic cells is caused by inactivation of the downstream promoter P(A). Analysis of the promoter P(A) sequence and function in normal and neoplastic cells demonstrated that neither structural changes (mutations) nor a change in the pool of transcription factors is responsible for its inactivation. Although hypermethylation was found in a large number of cancer clones, treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine did not fully cause the promoter function to recover. We conclude that the initial down-regulation of zo-2 promoter P(A) activity in pancreatic duct carcinomas is due to the structural or functional alteration(s) in the regulatory elements, localized outside the analyzed promoter region. Methylation of P(A) is responsible for the inactivation of the suppressed promoter at the late stages of tumor development.

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Differential display of hamster mRNA identified a fragment present in normal pancreatic duct cells that is not expressed in pancreatic duct carcinoma cells. Sequence analysis showed an 88% and 82% identity, respectively, to the cDNA of the canine and human tight junction zo-2 gene. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of human ZO-2 revealed a striking difference in the expression of various regions of the ZO-2 transcript in normal and neoplastic cells and the presence of an abnormality at the 5'-end of mRNA. RACE analysis identified 2 human ZO-2 mRNAs that encode proteins of different lengths, designated as ZO-2A and ZO-2C. The difference between the 2 forms of ZO-2 is the absence of 23 amino acid residues at the N terminus of ZO-2C compared with ZO-2A. Although ZO-2C was expressed in normal pancreatic cells and a majority of neoplastic tissues analyzed, ZO-2A was undetectable except in one case in all of the pancreatic adenocarcinomas analyzed. This suggests the presence of a yet to be identified motif important for cell-growth regulation within the 23-amino acid residue N-terminal peptide of ZO-2A, MPVRGDRGFPPRRELSGWLRAPG.

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Adult female Swiss-Webster and B6C3F1 mice received distilled water only or water containing 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppb of aldicarb daily for 34 days. The target concentration of aldicarb present in the 10 ppb dosing solution was analytically verified on a daily basis as was its stability over a 48-hr period. To develop an immune profile of this compound, functional parameters measured after exposure included resistance to infectious viral challenge; quantitation of splenic antibody-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes and circulating serum antibody levels; splenic lymphocyte blastogenesis to T- and B-cell mitogens; and mixed-lymphocyte culture response. To supplement the functional assays, complete blood counts, differential leukocyte counts, and body and relative organ weights were measured. In addition, gross and histopathologic examinations of tissues relevant to the immune system were performed. The absence of significant effects on any of these parameters suggests that aldicarb at environmentally relevant exposure concentrations is not immunotoxic in rodents.

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The effects of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash on rings of hamster tracheal epithelium in organ culture were studied. Volcanic ash samples with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of 7.7 micrometers and 1.6 micrometers caused markedly different alterations in the tracheal mucosa. Examination by SEM of the ventral epithelial surface of tissue from untreated control explants after 2 weeks in culture showed equal numbers of ciliated and microvillous cells. Examination by SEM of tracheas exposed to the smaller size particles revealed that ash concentrations as low as 1 microgram/ml increased mucous secretion after one 2-hr exposure. After four or nine 2-hr exposures, cells contained cilia that were short and blunt. Ciliary activity after these exposures showed a significant depression in beating frequency. Tracheal ring cultures exposed to the larger volcanic ash particles exhibited moderate cytomorphological changes after one 2-hr exposure at concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 micrograms/ml. As the number of exposures increased, most of the columnar cell layer was lost, resulting in exposure of the basal cells. After nine exposures at the two highest concentrations of ash (10 and 100 micrograms/ml), only a few ciliated cells were remaining. Statistically significant reductions in ciliary activity paralleled the epithelial damage. The degree of epithelial damage and changes in the cilia beating frequency were related to the dose and the number of exposures to the volcanic ash.

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The surface characteristics of cultured distal colonic mudosa from adult male Fischer 344 rats have been studied under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Colonic mucosa, physically separated from the submucosa and muscle, was cultured on a matrix of human fibrin foam. The luminal surface of uncultured colonic mucosa formed repeating circular units of cells around individual crypt openings. After 2 days in organ culture, this normal arrangement of surface epithelium was lost. Circular arrangement of cells surrounding the crypts reappeared after 7 days in culture but did not show the well-demarcated crypt units. By 14 days in vitro fewer crypt units were seen; many of these showed a slightly convex contour. Organ cultures retained a variable number of glandular crypts after 21 to 28 days. Occasional epithelial cells were found attached to the interstitial surfaces of the fibrin foam. The organ culture system described appears to be applicable to experimental investigations into the direct effects of various substances on adult colonic epithelium.

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The ultrastructural surface features of tracheal epithelium at various times of development in organ culture were compared with those in the trachea of Syrian golden hamsters of similar age using scanning electron microscopy. Whole tracheal organ cultures, prepared from 3-day-old hamsters, were maintained in HEPES buffered CMRL 1066 medium with 0.2% bovine serum albumin. The ventral epithelial surface of trachea from 3-day-old animals was characterized by numerous microvillous cells, occasional well-developed cilia, and cells containing short cilia representing various stages of ciliary differentiation. After seven days in culture, an increased number of ciliated cells as well as developing cilia were seen. The epithelium after 14 days in culture appeared to have equal numbers of ciliated and microvillous cells, a pattern strikingly similar to that observed in vivo. After 21 days in culture, groups of well-developed cilia were interspersed with nonciliated cells covered with short, poorly developed surface microvilli. A similar pattern was found in the trachea of comparable age (24 days), with the exception of the microvillous cells; many being dome-shaped containing cluster of microvilli with prominent outlines. The tracheal organ culture, as developed in this investigation, appears to represent an excellent model for studying age-related effects of toxic and infectious agents on ciliated epithelial cells.

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Normal lung architecture of the rat, mouse, hamster, horse, and human was compared to that of emphysematous lungs from the same species by utilizing a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results obtained by SEM examination of normal and emphysematous lungs corresponded to those obtained with the light microscope. However, the SEM provided a view of alveoli and airway morphology not obtainable with the light microscope. Because of the variability in pore size and number of pores per alveolus, a pore-to-alveolus ratio was determined with the SEM on the normal lungs of the above species plus the rabbit, dog, guinea pig, and rhesus monkey. Depending on the extent of other pathways for collateral ventilation, differences in number of pores per alveolus may affect a species' susceptibility to a given mechanism in the genesis of spontaneous or induced emphysema. The small number of pores per alveolus in the rat, mouse, rabbit, and hamster suggests that they would not be responsible for emphysematous changes. Pores do appear to be involved in human and horse emphysema.

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