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BACKGROUND: Reconstruction by endoprosthesis is widespread after bone tumor resection. The design and type of fixation and of hinge remain a matter of debate. The aim of the present study was to assess survival, complications and functional results in a homogeneous series of adult patients undergoing bone defect reconstruction following distal femoral tumor resection, using a single model of fixed-hinge cemented endoprosthesis, at a minimum 5 years' follow-up. HYPOTHESIS: The study hypotheses were that loosening and infection are the main causes of failure, and that this type of reconstruction is reliable following distal femoral resection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients aged over 17 years undergoing reconstruction using the Stanmore Mets® fixed-hinge cemented modular endoprosthesis following distal femoral resection for primary bone tumor in 4 French reference centers between 2004 and 2013 were included. Epidemiological data, MSTS functional score, clinical and radiological examination results, complications and survival with types of failure according to the Henderson classification were assessed. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-six patients (68 male, 68 female; mean age, 41.2 years [range, 17-77 years]) were included. Mean follow-up was 81 months [range, 61-134 months]. Thirty-two patients (38%) experienced a total 67 complications requiring surgical revision: mainly infection (n=28) or mechanical failure (n=26). Overall implant survival was 78% at 5 years. There were 30 implant failures on the Henderson classification. Mean MSTS score was 82%. DISCUSSION: The present results are comparable to those of the literature and for other types of reconstruction. Recent meta-analyses suggest that type of hinge and of stem fixation have little effect on implant survival. International comparative studies are needed to determine the exact role of each type of reconstruction according to the patient profile. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, multicenter retrospective series.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of injecting botulinum toxin into the lower limb muscles of people with hemiparesis post stroke in terms of their sway areas. DESIGN: A multicenter randomized double-blind trial on the effects of active botulinum toxin treatment vs placebo. SETTING: Clinical examinations and postural sway assessments were performed before botulinum toxin injection and again 4-6 weeks after the injection. PARTICIPANTS: People with hemiparesis with chronic post stroke lower limb spasticity (N=40). INTERVENTIONS: Intramuscular injection of a placebo (physiological serum) was performed on the control group, and botulinum toxin injections were performed on the treatment group. Participants and physical and rehabilitation medicine specialists were given no information as to which of the 2 treatments was applied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The sway area of the center of pressure was recorded for 30 seconds in 3 conditions: eyes open, eyes open in a dual task (a postural control task combined with an arithmetic task), and eyes closed. Spasticity was measured using the Modified Ashworth Scale. RESULTS: Forty people post stroke were enrolled and randomized into 2 groups, one of which was treated with botulinum toxin (n=19) and the other with placebo (n=21). Spasticity decreased significantly in the treatment group (-0.7, P=.049 in the soleus muscles; -0.8, P=.035 in the gastrocnemii muscles). The sway area did not differ significantly between the 2 groups before treatment. The most conspicuous effect was observed in the case of the dual task, where a significant decrease (P=.005) in the sway area occurred in the treatment group (-3.11±6.92) in comparison with the placebo group (+0.27±3.57). CONCLUSION: Treating spasticity by injecting botulinum toxin into people's lower limb muscles post stroke seems to improve their postural sway. The dual task used here to assess sway seems to be a useful, sensitive test for this purpose.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficiency of knee-ankle-foot orthoses for treating painful genu recurvatum, and to determine users' tolerance and satisfaction. PATIENTS: Patients included in the study had a genu recurvatum during the stance phase, confirmed by a medical doctor on physical examination. A total of 27 patients with 31 knee-ankle-foot orthoses were included. METHODS: The main outcome was scored on a verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) before and at least 3 months after a knee-ankle-foot orthosis was fitted, and scored on a verbal numerical pain rating scale (VRS). Secondary outcomes were rated with the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology (QUEST). RESULTS: After fitting the knee-ankle-foot orthosis, the median VNRS pain score decreased from 85/100 to 25/100 (p ≤ 0.001) and the description of pain on the VRS decreased from "extreme" to "mild" (p ≤ 0.001). The QUEST total score was 4.0. CONCLUSION: Treating a painful genu recurvatum with a knee-ankle-foot orthosis reduced the pain efficiently whatever the patients' diagnosis, and high scores were obtained for patients' satisfaction.

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BACKGROUND: Surfing with transfemoral knee prosthesis requires flexion of the hip, knee, and ankle and balance between flexibility and stiffness of the prosthetic limb. We report on Mr D, a transfemoral amputee, who wanted to surf again. Case Description and Methods: Technical specifications were based on Mr D's complaint. The prosthesis is salt water resistant and combines a shock absorber associated with elastic tendons to permit the knee to bend easily and to facilitate eccentric braking. Surfing was observed using videos of movements and subjective analysis of compensations. Findings and Outcomes: Mr D uses this prosthesis for surfing with good results and got back to his former level using compensations. During the takeoff, he cannot shorten his left leg. He makes a circumduction movement to put his leg in front of the board. CONCLUSION: This prosthesis is adapted for surfing and allows precise adjustments to surfing conditions. Clinical relevance Appropriate prosthesis design can enable return to surfing for a transfemoral amputee.

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BACKGROUND: The aim was to investigate the effectiveness of custom-made orthopaedic shoes (derby shoes) along with physiotherapy (twice a week) on a person with Charcot-Marie-Tooth over a period of 10 years. CASE DESCRIPTION AND METHODS: A 66-year-old woman with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, who did not have other health conditions, complained of pain and frequent falls. Physical examination, including ankle, knee and hip muscle strength; sensory evaluation of foot and joint range of motion; self-reported assessment of pain, frequency of falls and sprains; and gait analyses, including spatial and temporal parameters and motion analyses, were performed in 2001, 2007 and 2011. FINDINGS AND OUTCOMES: During the 10 years of follow-up, the physical examination parameters had stabilized since 2001; falls, sprains and walking distance had improved as compared to 2000; pain had alleviated since 2001 and gait parameters had improved up to 2007 and stabilized between 2007 and 2011. CONCLUSION: Bracing with orthopaedic shoes along with physical therapy was effective in treating pain, improving the gait and enhancing the walking distance (>500 m) without assistive device in a person with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Orthopaedic shoes along with physical therapy can be a good option for treating Charcot-Marie-Tooth associated pain, foot drop, falls and sprains, improving the gait abnormalities and also increasing the walking distance.

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OBJECTIVE: The therapeutic effects of intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin-type A on spasticity can largely be explained by its blocking action at the neuromuscular junction. Botulinum toxin-type A is also thought to have a central action on the functional organization of the central nervous system. This study assessed the action of botulinum toxin-type A on spinal motor networks by investigating post-activation depression of the soleus H-reflex in post-stroke patients. Post-activation depression, a presynaptic mechanism controlling the synaptic efficacy of Ia-motoneuron transmission, is involved in the pathophysiology of spasticity. PATIENTS: Eight patients with chronic hemiplegia post-stroke presenting with lower limb spasticity and requiring botulinum toxin-type A injection in the ankle extensor muscle. METHODS: Post-activation depression of soleus H-reflex assessed as frequency-related depression of H-reflex was investigated before and 3, 6 and 12 weeks after botulinum toxin-type A injections in the triceps surae. Post-activation depression was quantified as the ratio between H-reflex amplitude at 0.5 and 0.1 Hz. RESULTS: Post-activation depression of soleus H-reflex, which is reduced on the paretic leg, was affected 3 weeks after botulinum toxin-type A injection. Depending on the residual motor capacity of the post-stroke patients, post-activation depression was either restored in patients with preserved voluntary motor control or further reduced in patients with no residual voluntary control. CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin treatment induces synaptic plasticity at the Ia-motoneuron synapse in post-stroke paretic patients, which suggests that the effectiveness of botulinum toxin-type A in post-stroke rehabilitation might be partly due to its central effects.

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Access to the college cycle for students with disabilities and their employability have become a priority for universities. The Handicap Mission manages it within the Aix-Marseille University (AMU). Few studies have focused on the students with disabilities' insertion/integration within the universities and on the compensations. The objective of this study is to analyze within the AMU the students with disabilities census and characteristics, and the Handicap Mission's operating. The census was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire (Handi need card: university curriculum, deficiencies, technical and social help, adjustments appealed for at the university). It was performed by the staff at the AMU's Mission Handicap Department/Office. If supporting measures seem to be necessary, the interdisciplinary team (comprised of representatives of the University teaching, Administrative and Technical staff, Mission Handicap staff, Preventive Medicine staff, and partners from associations involved in assisting people with disabilities) then defines and sets up suitable means of assistance. The Handicap Mission improves students with disabilities insertion, defines necessary adjustments, and promotes research on disability. A total of 551 students with disabilities were identified, 304 in law and human sciences. In all, 141 deficiencies encountered related to language disorders, among which 105 were not defined by the students ('Other' in the questionnaire). In all, 519 SWD benefited from extra time when sitting exams and 40 were helped to take notes by others students. Compensations and Handicap Mission improve the monitoring and the link between high school and university for the students with disabilities, promote their exam success, and support them in their working life.

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