RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This review is to provide a first overview about prevalences and associations of forms of child maltreatment in binge eating disorder (BED). METHODS: Systematic literature search in PubMed and Web of Science in December 2013.âTerms considered were "binge eating disorder" AND "child* maltreatment", "child* abuse", "child* sexual abuse", "child* emotional abuse", "child* physical abuse", "child* emotional neglect" as well as "child* physical neglect". Inclusion criteria were studies published between 1990 and 2013, publications in English or German, adult patients, studies that considered patients with full DSM criteria for BED, and studies that reported prevalences of forms of child maltreatment. RESULTS: Eight studies out of 366 met criteria. Child maltreatment rates in BED were more than two times higher than in representative samples, but they were similar to psychiatric comparisons. Up to 83â% of patients with BED reported at least one form of child maltreatment. There were associations to psychiatric comorbidity, but not to gender, obesity and specific features of the eating behaviour. CONCLUSION: Child maltreatment is very prevalent among BED. Its contribution to the development and the maintenance of BED is not understood yet.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno por Atracón/epidemiología , Trastorno por Atracón/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Trastorno por Atracón/diagnóstico , Niño , Abuso Sexual Infantil/diagnóstico , Abuso Sexual Infantil/psicología , Abuso Sexual Infantil/estadística & datos numéricos , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Obesidad/diagnóstico , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/psicologíaRESUMEN
Rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation is being increasingly used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, especially major depression. However, its mechanisms of action are still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess metabolic changes by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy following high-frequency rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation (20 Hz), both immediately after a single session and 24 h after a series of five consecutive sessions. Twelve healthy volunteers were enrolled in a prospective single-blind, randomized study [sham (n = 5) vs. real (n = 7)]. Three brain regions were investigated (right, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left anterior cingulate cortex). A single as well as a series of consecutive rapid transcranial magnetic stimulations affected cortical glutamate/glutamine levels. These effects were present not only close to the stimulation site (left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), but also in remote (right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left cingulate cortex) brain regions. Remarkably, the observed changes in glutamate/glutamine levels were dependent on the pre-transcranial magnetic stimulation glutamate/glutamine concentration, i.e. the lower the pre-stimulation glutamate/glutamine level, the higher the glutamate/glutamine increase observed after short- or long-term stimulation (5 days). In general, the treatment was well tolerated and no serious side-effects were reported. Neither transient mood changes nor significant differences in the outcome of a series of neuropsychological test batteries after real or sham transcranial magnetic stimulation occurred in our experiment. In summary, these data indicate that rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation may act via stimulation of glutamatergic prefrontal neurons.