RESUMEN

A novel microsporidium was observed in wild swamp guppies Micropoecilia picta from Levera Pond within Levera National Park Grenada, West Indies. Initial observations indicated similarity with Pseudoloma neurophilia, an important pathogen in zebrafish Danio rerio. P. neurophilia exhibit broad host specifity, including members of the family Poecillidae, and both parasites infect the central nervous system. However, spore morphology and molecular phylogeny based on rDNA showed that the swamp guppy microsporidium (SGM) is distinct from P. neurophilia and related microsporidia (Microsporidium cerebralis and M. luceopercae). Spores of the SGM were smaller than others in the clade (3.6 µm long). Differences were also noted in histology; the SGM formed large aggregates of spores within neural tissues along with a high incidence of numerous smaller aggregates and single spores within the surface tissue along the ventricular spaces that extended submeninx, whereas P. neurophilia and M. cerebralis infect deep into the neuropile and cause associated lesions. Analysis of small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences showed that the SGM was <93% similar to these related microsporidia. Nevertheless, one of 2 commonly used PCR tests for P. neurophilia cross reacted with tissues infected with SGM. These data suggest that there could be other related microsporidia capable of infecting zebrafish and other laboratory fishes that are not being detected by these highly specific assays. Consequently, exclusive use of these PCR tests may not accurately diagnose other related microsporidia infecting animals in laboratory and ornamental fish facilities.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Peces , Microsporidios , Microsporidiosis , Filogenia , Poecilia , Animales , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Microsporidios/genética , Microsporidios/aislamiento & purificación , Microsporidios/clasificación , Microsporidiosis/veterinaria , Microsporidiosis/microbiología , Grenada/epidemiología

RESUMEN

During the last decade, the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, has spread from eastern Asia to the Americas, Europe, and Africa. This fly attacks many species of cultivated and wild fruits with soft, thin skins, where its serrated ovipositor allows it to lay eggs in undamaged fruit. Parasitoids from the native range of D. suzukii may provide sustainable management of this polyphagous pest. Among these parasitoids, host-specificity testing has revealed a lineage of Ganaspis near brasiliensis, referred to in this paper as G1, that appears to be a cryptic species more host-specific to D. suzukii than other parasitoids. Differentiation among cryptic species is critical for introduction and subsequent evaluation of their impact on D. suzukii. Here, we present results on divergence in genomic sequences and architecture and reproductive isolation between lineages of Ganaspis near brasiliensis that appear to be cryptic species. We studied five populations, two from China, two from Japan, and one from Canada, identified as the G1 vs G3 lineages based on differences in cytochrome oxidase l sequences. We assembled and annotated the genomes of these populations and analyzed divergences in sequence and genome architecture between them. We also report results from crosses to test reproductive compatibility between the G3 lineage from China and the G1 lineage from Japan. The combined results on sequence divergence, differences in genome architectures, ortholog divergence, reproductive incompatibility, differences in host ranges and microhabitat preferences, and differences in morphology show that these lineages are different species. Thus, the decision to evaluate the lineages separately and only import and introduce the more host-specific lineage to North America and Europe was appropriate.

Asunto(s)

Drosophila , Animales , Drosophila/genética , Genoma de los Insectos , Reproducción/genética , Aislamiento Reproductivo , Filogenia , Femenino , Variación Genética , Genómica/métodos

RESUMEN

Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Trichopria drosophilae (Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) are two cosmopolitan and generalist pupal parasitoids that are among a few of the resident parasitoids in North America capable of attacking Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), an invasive pest of small and soft fruit crops worldwide. Ganaspis brasiliensis (Ihering) is a specialist larval parasitoid of D. suzukii that was recently approved for biological control introduction against D. suzukii in the USA. As a solitary koinobiont species, G. brasiliensis oviposits in the host larva but emerges as an adult from the host puparium. This study investigated the discrimination ability and parasitism success by the pupal parasitoids towards D. suzukii pupae previously parasitized by G. brasiliensis, to examine whether interactions with resident parasitoids will affect G. brasiliensis after it is released in the USA. We found preliminary evidence that neither pupal parasitoid could discriminate towards D. suzukii pupae parasitized by early instars of G. brasiliensis. Pachycrepoideus vindemiae was able to successfully develop on D. suzukii pupae containing all preimaginal stages of G. brasiliensis, although parasitism success was significantly higher on those bearing later rather than early stages of G. brasiliensis. Trichopria drosophilae was only able to successfully develop on D. suzukii puparia containing early instars of G. brasiliensis. These results suggest that D. suzukii parasitized by the larval parasitoid could be subsequently attacked by the pupal parasitoids, possibly affecting the success of G. brasiliensis releases.

Asunto(s)

Himenópteros , Animales , Pupa , Drosophila , Larva , América del Norte

RESUMEN

Native to East Asia, the spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), has established widely in the Americas, Europe, and parts of Africa over the last decade, becoming a devastating pest of various soft-skinned fruits in its invaded regions. Biological control, especially by means of self-perpetuating and specialized parasitoids, is expected to be a viable option for sustainable area-wide management of this highly mobile and polyphagous pest. Ganaspis brasiliensis Ihering (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) is a larval parasitoid that is widely distributed in East Asia, and has been found to be one of the most effective parasitoids of D. suzukii. Following rigorous pre-introduction evaluations of its efficacy and potential non-target risks, one of the more host-specific genetic groups of this species (G1 G. brasiliensis) has been approved recently for introduction and field release in the United States and Italy. Another genetic group (G3 G. brasiliensis), which was also commonly found to attack D. suzukii in East Asia, may be considered for introduction in the near future. There is currently enormous interest in rearing G. brasiliensis for research or in mass-production for field release against D. suzukii. This protocol and associated video article describe effective rearing methods for this parasitoid, both on a small scale for research and a large scale for mass-production and field release. These methods may benefit further long-term research and use of this Asian-native parasitoid as a promising biological control agent for this global invasive pest.

Asunto(s)

Drosophila , Himenópteros , Animales , Agentes de Control Biológico , Europa (Continente) , Larva

RESUMEN

Argentine ants, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), form mutualisms with hemipteran pests in crop systems. In vineyards, they feed on honeydew produced by mealybugs and soft scales, which they tend and protect from natural enemies. Few options for controlling Argentine ants are available; one of the more effective approaches is to use liquid baits containing a low dose of an insecticide. Knowledge of ant foraging patterns is required to estimate how many bait stations to deploy per unit area. To measure how far ants move liquid bait in vineyards, we placed bait stations containing sugar water and a protein marker in plots for 6 d, and then collected ants along transects extending away from bait stations. The ants moved an average of 16.08 m and 12.21 m from bait stations in the first and second years of the study, respectively. Marked ants were found up to 63 m from bait stations; however, proportions of marked ants decreased exponentially as distance from the bait station increased. Results indicate that Argentine ants generally forage at distances <36 m in California vineyards, thus suggesting that insecticide bait stations must be deployed at intervals of 36 m or less to control ants. We found no effect of insecticide on distances that ants moved the liquid bait, but this may have been because bait station densities were too low to affect the high numbers of Argentine ants that were present at the study sites.

Asunto(s)

Hormigas , Conducta Animal , Control de Insectos , Vitis , Animales , California

RESUMEN

Pseudocapillaria tomentosa is a common pathogen of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in research facilities. We developed a method to collect and concentrate the nematode eggs using a modified sugar centrifugation method and documented their normal development. Embryonating stages with blastomere formation followed by elongation of the embryo prior to larva formation cumulated in developed larvae inside the eggs and hatching after 5-10 day. We then evaluated the efficacy of heat and chlorine to kill them based on a larva development assay. Eggs were exposed to 40, 50, 60 °C for 30 min and 1 h. Chlorine treatment was performed at 100, 250, 500, 1000, 3000 and 6000 ppm for 10 min. Samples exposed to 40 °C for 30 min or 1 h showed incidences of larvated eggs similar to controls. In contrast, no larvation occurred with eggs exposed to either 50 or 60 °C for 30 min or 1 h. Remarkably, in repeated assays, samples exposed to low doses of chlorine (100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm for 10 min) showed significantly higher incidence of larvation than controls. Eggs treated with 3000 ppm for 10 min did not develop larvae, and no eggs were found after 6000 ppm treatment.

Asunto(s)

Antinematodos/farmacología , Acuicultura/métodos , Infecciones por Enoplida/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Peces/prevención & control , Trichuroidea/efectos de los fármacos , Pez Cebra , Animales , Cloro/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Infecciones por Enoplida/parasitología , Infecciones por Enoplida/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Calor , Óvulo/efectos de los fármacos , Trichuroidea/embriología

RESUMEN

Genomic tools allow the study of the whole genome, and facilitate the study of genotype-environment combinations and their relationship with phenotype. However, most genomic prediction models developed so far are appropriate for Gaussian phenotypes. For this reason, appropriate genomic prediction models are needed for count data, since the conventional regression models used on count data with a large sample size ([Formula: see text]) and a small number of parameters (p) cannot be used for genomic-enabled prediction where the number of parameters (p) is larger than the sample size ([Formula: see text]). Here, we propose a Bayesian mixed-negative binomial (BMNB) genomic regression model for counts that takes into account genotype by environment [Formula: see text] interaction. We also provide all the full conditional distributions to implement a Gibbs sampler. We evaluated the proposed model using a simulated data set, and a real wheat data set from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and collaborators. Results indicate that our BMNB model provides a viable option for analyzing count data.

Asunto(s)

Teorema de Bayes , Ambiente , Interacción Gen-Ambiente , Genómica , Genotipo , Modelos Genéticos , Algoritmos , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Genómica/métodos , Modelos Estadísticos , Fenotipo , Triticum/genética

RESUMEN

The parasitoid Psyttalia humilis (Silvestri) was reared on Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), third instars irradiated at 0-70 Gy at the USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Moscamed biological control laboratory in San Miguel Petapa, Guatemala, and shipped to the USDA, ARS, Parlier, CA. Irradiation dose did not affect the parasitoid's offspring sex ratio (53-62% females), percentage of unemerged adults (12-34%), number of progeny produced per female (1.4-1.8), and parasitism (19-24%). Host irradiation dose had no significant effect on the forewing length of female P. humilis and its parasitism on olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) and offspring sex ratio, but dissection of 1-wk-old female parasitoids reared from hosts irradiated with 70 Gy had a significantly lower number of mature eggs than females from nonirradiated hosts. Longevity of P. humilis adults decreased with increased temperature from 15 to 35°C, regardless of food provisions, gender, and host irradiation dose. Females survived 37-49 d at 15°C with water and food, and only 1-2 d at 35°C without food, whereas males lived shorter than females at all temperatures and food combinations tested. Adult P. humilis reared from fertile C. capitata and aspirated for dispensing in cups lived significantly longer after shipment than those specimens chilled and dispensed by weight. At 21 and 32°C, 50% of parasitoids departed release cages after 180 and 30 min, respectively, but none departed at 12°C. Thirteen shipments of P. humilis (2,980-21,922 parasitoids per shipment) were received between September and December 2009, and seven shipments (7,502-22,560 parasitoids per shipment) were received between October and December 2010 from San Miguel Petapa, Guatemala. Daily number of olive fruit fly adult and percentage female trap captures ranged <1-19 and 8-58% in 2009, and <1-11 and 0-42% in 2010, respectively. The number of parasitoids released ranged 848-12,257 in 2009 and 3,675-11,154 in 2010. Percentage parasitism of olive fruit fly third instars at all locations ranged 0-9% in 2009 and 0-36% in 2010.

Asunto(s)

Control Biológico de Vectores/métodos , Tephritidae/parasitología , Avispas/efectos de la radiación , Animales , California , Femenino , Guatemala , Masculino , Olea , Dinámica Poblacional , Reproducción , Temperatura , Tephritidae/fisiología , Tephritidae/efectos de la radiación , Avispas/fisiología

RESUMEN

Liquid baits were evaluated for control of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and associated mealybug and soft scale pests in California vineyards. In 2003, liquid baits with small doses ofimidacloprid, boric acid, or thiamethoxam dissolved in 25% sucrose water resulted in lower ant and mealybug densities and fruit damage, compared with an untreated control. Similar treatments in a soft scale-infested vineyard showed only a reduction of ant density and fruit infestation in only the boric acid and thiamethoxam treatments. In 2004, commercial and noncommercial formulations of liquid baits reduced ant densities in three separate trials, but they had inconsistent effects on mealybug densities and fruit infestation; granular protein bait had no effect. Using large plots and commercial application methodologies, liquid bait deployed in June resulted in lower ant density and fruit infestation, but it had no effect on mealybug density. Across all trials, liquid bait treatments resulted in lower ant density (12 of 14 trials) and fruit damage (11 of 14 sites), presenting the first report of liquid baits applied using commercial methodologies that resulted in a reduction of ants and their associated hemipteran crop damage. For commercialization of liquid baits, we showed that any of the tested insecticides can suppress Argentine ants when properly delivered in the crop system. For imidacloprid, bait dispensers must be protected from sunlight to reduce photodegradation. Results suggest that incomplete ant suppression can suppress mealybug densities. However, after ant populations are suppressed, there may be a longer period before hemipteran populations are effectively suppressed. Therefore, liquid baits should be considered part of a multiseason program rather than a direct, in-season control of hemipteran pest populations.

Asunto(s)

Hormigas , Insecticidas , Vitis/parasitología , Animales , Argentina , Ácidos Bóricos/farmacología , Imidazoles , Control de Insectos/métodos , Neonicotinoides , Nitrocompuestos , Oxazinas , Densidad de Población , Estaciones del Año , Tiametoxam , Tiazoles

RESUMEN

Argentine ants, Linepithema humile (Mayr), have a positive effect on populations of mealybugs (Pseudococcus spp.) in California vineyards. Previous studies have shown reductions in both ant activity and mealybug numbers after liquid ant baits were deployed in vineyards at densities of 85-620 bait stations/ha. However, bait station densities may need to be <85 bait stations/ha before bait-based strategies for ant control are economically comparable to spray-based insecticide treatments-a condition that, if met, will encourage the commercial adoption of liquid baits for ant control. This research assessed the effectiveness of baits deployed at lower densities. Two field experiments were conducted in commercial vineyards. In experiment 1, baits were deployed at 54-225 bait stations/ha in 2005 and 2006. In experiment 2, baits were deployed at 34-205 bait stations/ha in 2006 only. In both experiments, ant activity and the density of mealybugs in grape fruit clusters at harvest time declined with increasing bait station density. In 2005 only, European fruit lecanium scale [Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché)] were also present in fruit clusters, and scale densities were negatively related to bait station density. The results indicate that the amount of ant and mealybug control achieved by an incremental increase in the number of bait stations per hectare is constant across a broad range of bait station densities. The results are discussed in the context of commercializing liquid ant baits to provide a more sustainable Argentine ant control strategy.

Asunto(s)

Agricultura/métodos , Hormigas/fisiología , Hemípteros/fisiología , Control de Plagas/métodos , Vitis/parasitología , Animales , California , Carbohidratos , Modelos Lineales , Control de Plagas/instrumentación , Densidad de Población , Factores de Tiempo

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anatomía , Cuerpo Humano

RESUMEN

Plasmacytoid leukemia is a common disease of seawater pen-reared chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in British Columbia, Canada, but has also been detected in wild salmon, in freshwater-reared salmon in United States, and in salmon from netpens in Chile. The disease can be transmitted under laboratory conditions, and is associated with a retrovirus, the salmon leukemia virus. However, the proliferating plasmablasts are often infected with the microsporean Enterocytozoon salmonis, which may be an important co-factor in the disease.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Peces , Leucemia de Células Plasmáticas/veterinaria , Microsporea/aislamiento & purificación , Retroviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Animales Domésticos , Animales Salvajes , Colombia Británica , Chile , Riñón/parasitología , Riñón/virología , Leucemia de Células Plasmáticas/parasitología , Leucemia de Células Plasmáticas/virología , Salmón , Bazo/parasitología , Bazo/virología , Estados Unidos

RESUMEN

The F5 (2n = 34) and FM2 (2n = 44-46) chromosome races of the Sceloporus grammicus complex form a parapatric hybrid zone in the Mexican state of Hidalgo, characterized by steep concordant clines among three diagnostic chromosome markers across a straight-line distance of about 2 km. Here, we show that this zone is actually structured into local patches in which hybridization extends over an extremely irregular front. The distribution of hybrid-index (HI) scores across the transect reveals some hybridization at almost all localities mapped in a central 7 km × 3 km area. Pooling the central samples produces both a strong heterozygote deficit for all diagnostic markers and strong linkage disequilibria between all pairwise combinations of these (unlinked) markers. Moreover, a highly significant association exists between the habitat on which each individual was caught and its karyotype (F5 chromosomes are more likely to be found on oak). Analysis of genotype frequencies over a range of spatial scales shows that there is no significant heterozygote deficit or habitat association within local areas of less than about 200 m; however, there is significant linkage disequilibrium over the smallest scales (R = D (pquv)1/2 = 0.29, support limits, 0.18-0.36) over 100 m. These patterns suggest that lizards mate and choose habitats randomly within local patches. This conclusion is supported by mark-recapture estimates of dispersal (≈ 80 m in a generation) and by inference of matings from embryo and maternal karyotypes. Closer examination of the two-dimensional pattern reveals a convoluted cline for all three markers, with a width of 830 m (support limits 770 m-930 m). This cline width, combined with the strength of local linkage disequilibrium, implies a dispersal rate of σ = 160 m in a generation and an effective selection pressure of 30% on each chromosome marker. The proportion of inviable embryos is greater in females from the center of the hybrid zone; this is caused by effects associated with both karyotype and location. The hybrid zone is likely to be maintained by selection against chromosomal heterozygotes, by other kinds of selection against hybrids, and by selection adapting the chromosome races to different habitats. The structure of the contact may be caused by both random drift and by selection in relation to habitat.

RESUMEN

PIP: The results of the Dominican Republic's 1986 Demographic and Health Survey suggest increased reliance on effective means of contraception but a continued preference for large family size. The survey covered 7649 women 15-49 years of age. Although only half of the women surveyed were currently using a contraceptive method, over 93% of these women were relying on an effective method, largely female sterilization. A desire to become pregnant was the main reason given for nonuse of contraception. However, 29% of women who were not using a method of contraception at the time of the survey indicated they did not want to become pregnant within the next 2 years. Many of these women expressed unfounded fears about the side-effects of contraceptive methods such as the pill. The 1986 survey recorded a total fertility rate of 3.7 lifetime births/woman for the 1983-85 period--the 1st time this rate has dropped below 4. However, survey respondents indicated a desired fertility rate of only 2.8 births, suggesting an unmet need for family planning services in the Dominican Republic. Another survey finding--that 68 infants/1000 die before their 1st birthday--suggests a need for greater access to maternal-child health services, especially in the country's rural areas.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Tasa de Natalidad , Conducta Anticonceptiva , Recolección de Datos , Demografía , Composición Familiar , Fertilidad , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud , Mortalidad Infantil , Mortalidad , Dinámica Poblacional , Población , Proyectos de Investigación , Conducta Sexual , Américas , Región del Caribe , Anticoncepción , Países Desarrollados , Países en Desarrollo , República Dominicana , Economía , Servicios de Planificación Familiar , América Latina , América del Norte , Investigación , Muestreo

RESUMEN

PIP: The total fertility rate of women in El Salvador has declined from an average of 6 children per woman in the 1970s to 4.4 in 1985, according to the Demographic and Health Survey report by Westinghouse's Institute for Resource Development. 5200 women aged 15-49, from areas covering 75-80% of the country, were surveyed. Contraceptive usage has risen from 34 to 47%. The usual method chosen is sterilization, by 70% of women. Only 7% of married women use the pill, 3% the IUD, 3% rhythm or withdrawal. Rural women, making up the majority of the population, accounted for a decline in total fertility from 8.4 to 5.9 children. In the capital San Salvador, fertility has risen from 2.6 to 3.3 children, reflecting migration of rural people into the city. The instability in El Salvador is probably responsible for a lowered life expectancy from 60 to 57 years, and for heavy out migration in the 1980s. Vaccination rates have improved recently to 47% of children under 5 years.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Tasa de Natalidad , Conducta Anticonceptiva , Anticonceptivos Orales , Demografía , Servicios de Planificación Familiar , Fertilidad , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Dispositivos Intrauterinos , Dinámica Poblacional , Investigación , Conducta Sexual , Esterilización Reproductiva , Américas , América Central , Anticoncepción , Países Desarrollados , Países en Desarrollo , El Salvador , Salud , América Latina , América del Norte , Población

RESUMEN

PIP: The 1987 Demographic and Health Survey of Ecuador showed that total fertility rate has fallen, contraceptive prevalence is up slightly, female sterilization and IUDs are the most popular methods, but there is still a demand for more family planning services. The survey covered 4711 women aged 15-49, the 3rd poll since 1979. About half of the 10 million Ecuadorians live along the coast, most near the city of Guayaquil. The total fertility rate has fallen 19% from 5.4 to 4.3 births per women since 1982. The mean number of children born to women 45-49 years was 6.0, compared to 6.7 in 1979. 84% of women with 3 or 4 did not want more children; less than 50% of those with 2 or fewer did not want more. Contraceptive use rose from 40% to 44% since 1987. Pill use has declined for fear of adverse health effects. 34% of women using contraception have been sterilized, and 22% have IUDs. Use of natural family planning has risen to 14%. Only 18% of surveyed women knew of vasectomy, and only 47% were familiar with condoms. Low educational attainment was highly associated with non-use of family planning and recent diarrheal illness in children, variables linked to rural residence, low living standards, limited access to health services and poor health practices.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Tasa de Natalidad , Conducta Anticonceptiva , Anticoncepción , Anticonceptivos Femeninos , Anticonceptivos Orales , Recolección de Datos , Demografía , Escolaridad , Etnicidad , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Servicios de Planificación Familiar , Fertilidad , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Indígenas Sudamericanos , Dispositivos Intrauterinos , Características de la Población , Población , Embarazo no Deseado , Población Rural , Conducta Sexual , Esterilización Reproductiva , Población Urbana , Américas , Anticonceptivos , Cultura , Países Desarrollados , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Ecuador , Salud , América Latina , Dinámica Poblacional , Investigación , Muestreo , Clase Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , América del Sur

RESUMEN

PIP: With a population of 6.2 million, Haiti is one of the poorest, most densely populated countries in the Caribbean. According to a 1983 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey, fertility averages 6.2 children/woman compared with 6 children/woman in 1977. Moreover, the proportion of women in union practicing family planning declined from 14% in 1977 to 7% in 1983. Female sterilization increased slightly between 1977 and 1983, from 0.2 to 0.7% of women in union, but at the same time there were declines in the percentage of women using traditional methods such as withdrawal and rhythm as well as supply methods such as oral contraceptives and condoms. Concerns about health problems associated with use of the pill and the IUD were cited by many respondents in the 1983 survey as reasons for nonuse of modern methods. The increase in fertility has been created in part by a growing percentage of women in Haiti married or cohabitating. Of the 4321 respondents in the 1983 survey, 23% were married, 31% were cohabitating, and another 9% were in less stable unions. 10% of the formally married women and 7% of the women in noncohabitating unions used family planning compared with only 4% of cohabitating women. Women who had some secondary education were 2-3 times more likely to use contraception, while urban women had use rates twice those of rural residents. Another concern is the high infant mortality rate--107 deaths/1000 births in 1977--caused by poor sanitation and limited access to health services. 77% of Haitian mothers surveyed had given birth at home. 63% had received some prenatal care, but only 22% sought postnatal care. On the other hand, over 90% of the mothers breastfed their infants and over 80% of children over 5 years of age had been vaccinated against the major childhood diseases.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Protección a la Infancia , Conducta Anticonceptiva , Recolección de Datos , Demografía , Fertilidad , Salud , Mortalidad Infantil , Matrimonio , Mortalidad , Dinámica Poblacional , Población , Conducta Sexual , Américas , Región del Caribe , Anticoncepción , Países Desarrollados , Países en Desarrollo , Servicios de Planificación Familiar , Haití , América Latina , América del Norte

RESUMEN

PIP: In the course of the 1980 Contraceptive Survey carried out in Barbados, 1500 men aged 15-49 were interviewed. The percentages using family planning were greatest for men in a formal marriage (57%) and lowest for those living with a women (45%). However, there were larger differences in the type of contraceptive used depending upon the type of conjugal relationship. 20% of the men in a visiting relationship used the condom compared with only 9% of married men. In contrast, only 2% of the men in visiting relationships had a sterilized partner compared with 16% of married men. Men were also asked to give their attitudes toward women, pregnancy, and family planning in an effort to examine attitudes that might affect the fertility of their sexual partners. About 43% of the men thought that women;s status was equal to men's, and 69% agreed it ought to be. More educated and married men were most likely to think that women held a lower status than men. The men wanted an average of 2.1 children, close to the current actual fertility rate. There was little difference by age, education, or other background characteristics. The men agreed that young girls were having babies too early reflecting a nationwide concern about teenage pregnancies. Age 19 was considered the optimal age for beginning a visiting relationship, but the men surveyed felt that marriage should wait until the age of 28 on the average. About 1/2 said that contraceptive decisions should involve both partners.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Condones , Conducta Anticonceptiva , Recolección de Datos , Matrimonio , Embarazo en Adolescencia , Conducta Sexual , Esterilización Reproductiva , Derechos de la Mujer , Américas , Barbados , Conducta , Región del Caribe , Anticoncepción , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Servicios de Planificación Familiar , Fertilidad , América del Norte , Población , Dinámica Poblacional , Factores Socioeconómicos

RESUMEN

PIP: Findings of the 1982 Fertility and Family Planning Assessment suggest that Puerto Rico may have the highest rate of sterilization acceptance in the world. The survey found that 41% of married women in Puerto Rico have been sterilized to prevent further pregnancies and another 4.6% had husbands who had been sterilized. Moreover, 39% of young married women (25-29 years of age) opted for this method of permanent fertility control. Overall, 69% of married women were using some form of birth control at the time of the 1982 survey. Female sterilization accounted for 58% of total birth control use, compared with only 26% in the US. Oral contraceptives (8.3%), rhythm (5.2%), and the condom (4.4%) were the next most popular methods of family planning among the Puerto Rican contraceptive acceptors. Female sterilization was twice as prevalent among non-college educated Puerto Rican women than college-educated women, while reliance on male sterilization was greater among couples where the wife had at least a high school education. An estimated 33% of the decline in marital fertility in Puerto Rico in 1977-82 has been attributed to the level of sterilization. 27% of the sterilized women in Puerto Rico never used any other method of family planning, indicating a need for improved access to information about reversible methods for young women.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Conducta Anticonceptiva , Recolección de Datos , Servicios de Planificación Familiar , Conducta Sexual , Esterilización Reproductiva , Américas , Región del Caribe , Anticoncepción , Demografía , Países Desarrollados , Países en Desarrollo , Fertilidad , América Latina , América del Norte , Población , Dinámica Poblacional , Puerto Rico , Investigación , Muestreo

RESUMEN

PIP: In 1950 Latin America's population of 165 million was on a par with the 166 million of North America. 2 decades of growth at nearly 3% a year pushed the total to 405 million in 1985, vs. 264 million in North America. Despite substantial fertility declines since the 1960s, continued growth is ensured by the demographic momentum built into the region's large and youthful population bases. UN medium projections put the 2025 total at 779 million, compared to 345 million in North America. This Bulletin examines the main demographic changes in Latin America since World War II and their links to economic and social changes in the region as well as their implications for international and social relations. The post World War II population surge was accompanied by massive rural-ruban and international migration, rapid urbanization, large labor shifts out of agriculture into industry and services, increased education for both men and women, and higher labor force participation for females. The rural exodus was spurred by extreme land tenure inequalities and the urban bias of postwar industrialization. The labor-saving bias of this industrialization forced exploding city populations to turn to the informal sector for jobs. Population pressures on city services and housing as well as jobs have been further exacerbated by overconcentration in a few large cities and economic downturns of the 1980s. Recent fertility declines seem to be the result of both increased access to family planning and the economic and social pressures posed by the gap between young adults' aspirations and their ability to realize them. Population and economic pressures could induce faster fertility declines than now projected but in the short run are likely to mean more employment problems, continued rapid urban growth, and even larger international immigration flows within the hemisphere, particularly to the US.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Demografía , Economía , Densidad de Población , Dinámica Poblacional , Factores de Edad , Américas , América Central , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Países Desarrollados , Países en Desarrollo , Emigración e Inmigración , Empleo , Ambiente , Fertilidad , América Latina , Mortalidad , América del Norte , Población , América del Sur