RESUMEN
Fourteen lowland nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) in managed care were successfully anesthetized for a total of 17 anesthetic events using either a combination of butorphanol (0.75 ± 0.15 mg/kg), azaperone (0.25 ± 0.05 mg/kg), and medetomidine (0.30 ± 0.06 mg/kg) (BAM) or medetomidine (0.17 ± 0.01 mg/kg), azaperone (0.22 ± 0.02 mg/kg), and alfaxalone (0.52 ± 0.08 mg/kg) (MAA) delivered intramuscularly via dart. Mean time to initial effect, sternal recumbency, lateral recumbency, handling, and intubation were recorded. The nyala were maintained in sternal recumbency with supplemental oxygenation until 60 min after initial injection. Cardiopulmonary effects were recorded every 5 min after handling until reversal. Arterial blood samples were collected every 15 min for analysis. Level of sedation and quality of recovery were scored. Anesthesia was antagonized with atipamezole (at 5 mg per mg of medetomidine) for both protocols and naltrexone (at 2 mg per mg of butorphanol) for the BAM protocol delivered intramuscularly via hand injection. Mean time to extubation, head control, and standing post reversal were recorded. No hyperthermia, acidemia, apnea, or tachycardia occurred; however, animals did display hypoxemia. Two animals in the BAM cohort required supplementation to facilitate handling. These drug combinations provided satisfactory levels of sedation in most cases for safe handling and minor procedures in lowland nyala under managed care.
Asunto(s)
Anestésicos/administración & dosificación , Animales de Zoológico/fisiología , Antílopes/fisiología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares/efectos de los fármacos , Anestésicos/efectos adversos , Animales , Azaperona/administración & dosificación , Azaperona/efectos adversos , Butorfanol/administración & dosificación , Butorfanol/efectos adversos , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Masculino , Medetomidina/administración & dosificación , Medetomidina/efectos adversos , Pregnanodionas/administración & dosificación , Pregnanodionas/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Two species of sloths in the family Megalonychidae, Hoffmann's (Choloepus hoffmanni) and Linnaeus's (Choloepus didactylus) two-toed sloths, are commonly held in zoological institutions. Despite frequent published reports of urinary tract disease in these species, reports of diagnostics are mostly limited to descriptions of hematology and serum chemistry. In this study, repeated urinalysis, urinary chemistry, serum chemistry, and radiographs were collected opportunistically from six Hoffmann's and five Linnaeus's sloths. Proteinuria, bacteriuria, low urine specific gravity, and crystalluria were common in the absence of other signs of urinary tract pathology.
Asunto(s)
Riñón/fisiología , Perezosos/fisiología , Urinálisis/veterinaria , Orina/química , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Femenino , Masculino , Perezosos/sangre , Perezosos/orinaRESUMEN
Contraception is an essential tool in reproductive management of captive species. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) Reproductive Management Center (RMC) gathers data on contraception use and provides recommendations. Although apes have been given oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) for at least 30 years, there have been no published reports with basic information on why the pill is administered, formulations and brands used, and effects on physiology and behavior. Here, we report survey results characterizing OCP use in bonobos (Pan paniscus) housed in North American zoos, as well as information accumulated in the RMC's Contraception Database. Of 26 females treated, there have been no failures and nine reversals. The most commonly administered OCP formulation in bonobos contained ethinyl estradiol (EE) 35 µg/norethindrone 1 mg. Few females on combined oral contraceptives (COCs) were given a continuous active pill regimen; a hormone-free interval of at least 5 days was allowed in most. Crushing the pill and mixing with juice or food was common. Females on COCs seldom experienced breakthrough estrus or bleeding, while these conditions were sometimes observed for females on continuous COCs. All females on COCs exhibited some degree of perineal swelling, with a mean score of 3 or 3+ most commonly reported. Behavioral changes included less sexual behavior, dominant females becoming subordinate, and a negative effect on mood. No appreciable change in weight was noted. Taken together, these results indicate that OCPs are an effective and reversible contraceptive option for bonobos that can be used by zoos and sanctuaries to limit reproduction. Zoo Biol. 35:444-453, 2016. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asunto(s)
Animales de Zoológico , Anticoncepción/veterinaria , Etinilestradiol/farmacocinética , Noretindrona/farmacología , Pan paniscus/fisiología , Afecto/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Anticonceptivos Orales Combinados/farmacología , Femenino , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Resultado del Tratamiento , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
This paper presents veterinary management strategies and diagnostic findings in the reintroduction of the endangered whooping crane (Grus americana). Between 2005 and 2010, 63 (27 male, 36 female) hatchling whooping cranes were assigned to a reintroduction project involving autumn release of costume-reared chicks in Wisconsin. Veterinary care included preventive measures and comprehensive pre-release evaluations to improve fitness and reduce translocation of potential disease agents to native habitats. A total of 44 clinically normal birds were released (70% of assigned individuals). Cases of morbidity were classified according to primary body system affected. Musculoskeletal disorders were described in 57 birds (90%); five birds were removed from the project prior to release (8%), all for abnormalities that prevented normal function. Fourteen birds died or were euthanized prior to release (22%); pre-release mortality was attributed to developmental abnormality, predation, trauma or infectious disease. Chronic respiratory aspergillosis, diagnosed in seven birds (11%), was the most common infectious disease of concern. Predation and trauma were primary causes of post-release mortality; no evidence of infectious disease of captive origin was detected in the study population by the end of 2010. The assessment of data accumulated by this project helped to outline successful health management strategies, as well as identify and mitigate ongoing risks to captive whooping cranes that impede reintroduction efforts and achieving management goals for species recovery.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/epidemiología , Aves/fisiología , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Animales , Enfermedades de las Aves/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves/mortalidad , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Demografía , Femenino , Longevidad , Masculino , Wisconsin/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Two sibling male castrated gray wolves (Canis lupus) developed acute onset right forelimb lameness, one at 8 and the other at 11 yr of age. In both cases, the right carpus was swollen, carpal hyperextension was notable, and the wolves exhibited significant intermittent lameness of the affected limb. Radiographs revealed right accessory carpal bone luxation in both cases, with type III fracture of the accessory carpal bone in one wolf. Although carpal bone luxation in domestic dogs is frequently treated surgically, conservative medical management resolved the lameness in both wolves with no further complications.
Asunto(s)
Miembro Anterior/patología , Luxaciones Articulares/veterinaria , Articulaciones/lesiones , Lobos , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Butorfanol/uso terapéutico , Moldes Quirúrgicos/veterinaria , Miembro Anterior/diagnóstico por imagen , Luxaciones Articulares/diagnóstico por imagen , Luxaciones Articulares/tratamiento farmacológico , Luxaciones Articulares/patología , Cojera Animal/diagnóstico , Masculino , Meloxicam , Radiografía , Tiazinas/uso terapéutico , Tiazoles/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
An 18-month-old, female, spayed domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented for progressive hind limb paresis of 1 week duration. The ferret was mentally appropriate but cachexic and ataxic with neurological deficits, which localized the lesion to the lumbosacral region. A depression in the lumbosacral spine was associated with discomfort on palpation. Results of whole body radiographs were consistent with an abnormal angle between vertebrae L6 and S1, which resulted in hyperflexion of the spine. The ferret was euthanized, and histopathological examination revealed an intramedullary lumbosacral teratoma effacing much of the spine in the region of the mass.
Asunto(s)
Hurones , Vértebras Lumbares/patología , Neoplasias de la Columna Vertebral/veterinaria , Teratoma/veterinaria , Animales , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiografía , Neoplasias de la Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Columna Vertebral/patología , Teratoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Teratoma/patologíaRESUMEN
Disseminated infection with Histoplasma capsulatum was diagnosed in a 7-yr-old female Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris). Clinical signs were nonspecific with the exception of brief periods of tachypnea for 5 days prior to death. H. capsulatum organisms were found in the lungs, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and liver. Diagnosis was confirmed by tracheal wash, urine H. capsulatum enzyme immunoassay, and necropsy results. This report represents the first published account of disseminated histoplasmosis in a tiger.
Asunto(s)
Histoplasmosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades Pulmonares Fúngicas/veterinaria , Tigres , Animales , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Histoplasmosis/patología , Enfermedades Pulmonares Fúngicas/microbiología , Enfermedades Pulmonares Fúngicas/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine HCl after IV and IM administration to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). ANIMALS: 8 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots of unknown sex. PROCEDURES: Nalbuphine HCl (12.5 mg/kg) was administered IV and IM to all birds in a complete randomized crossover study design; there was a washout period of 21 days between subsequent administrations. Plasma samples were obtained from blood collected at predetermined time points for measurement of nalbuphine concentration by use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by use of computer software. RESULTS: Nalbuphine was rapidly eliminated with a terminal half-life of 0.33 hours and clearance of 69.95 mL/min/kg after IV administration and a half-life of 0.35 hours after IM administration. Volume of distribution was 2.01 L/kg after IV administration. The fraction of the dose absorbed was high (1.03) after IM administration. No adverse effects were detected in the parrots during the study. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In Hispaniolan Amazon parrots, nalbuphine appeared to have good bioavailability after IM administration and was rapidly cleared after IV and IM administration. Safety and analgesic efficacy of various nalbuphine treatment regimens in this species require further investigation to determine the potential for clinical palliation of signs of pain in psittacine species.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos Opioides/farmacocinética , Enfermedades de las Aves/tratamiento farmacológico , Nalbufina/farmacocinética , Dolor/veterinaria , Loros , Analgésicos Opioides/administración & dosificación , Analgésicos Opioides/sangre , Animales , Área Bajo la Curva , Estudios Cruzados , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Semivida , Inyecciones Intramusculares/veterinaria , Inyecciones Intravenosas/veterinaria , Nalbufina/administración & dosificación , Nalbufina/sangre , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Loros/sangreRESUMEN
A case of proventricular dilatation disease is described in a scarlet macaw (Ara macao) from clinical presentation to diagnosis with molecular methods. The initial clinical signs were depression progressing to head pressing over several days. A leukocytosis with toxic heterophil changes, hypoalbuminemia, and increased serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase were present. Lead and zinc assays were within reference ranges, and results from Chlamydophila and polyomavirus testing were negative. Contrast-enhanced fluoroscopy revealed normal gastrointestinal transit times and motility as well as the presence of 2 small metallic foreign bodies in the ventriculus. The macaw was treated with antimicrobials, analgesics, vitamins E and B complex, force-feeding, and fluid administration with little improvement. Euthanasia was elected, and histologic examination of brain tissue revealed a perivascular lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, while the lungs had evidence of a fungal pneumonia. Tissue samples from the brain and proventriculus tested positive for the presence of Avian bornavirus genotype 2, while serology confirmed Avian bornavirus infection.