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BACKGROUND: Gait analysis is the study of human locomotion. In massage therapy, this observation is part of an assessment process that informs treatment planning. Massage therapy students must apply the theory of gait assessment to simulated patients. At Humber College, the gait assessment module traditionally consists of a textbook reading and a three-hour, in-class session in which students perform gait assessment on each other. In 2015, Humber College acquired a three-dimensional motion capture system. PURPOSE: The purpose was to evaluate the use of 3D motion capture in a gait assessment module compared to the traditional gait assessment module. PARTICIPANTS: Semester 2 massage therapy students who were enrolled in Massage Theory 2 (n = 38). RESEARCH DESIGN: Quasi-experimental, wait-list comparison study. INTERVENTION: The intervention group participated in an in-class session with a Qualisys motion capture system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcomes included knowledge and application of gait assessment theory as measured by quizzes, and students' satisfaction as measured through a questionnaire. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in baseline and post-module knowledge between both groups (pre-module: p = .46; post-module: p = .63). There was also no difference between groups on the final application question (p = .13). The intervention group enjoyed the in-class session because they could visualize the content, whereas the comparison group enjoyed the interactivity of the session. The intervention group recommended adding the assessment of gait on their classmates to their experience. Both groups noted more time was needed for the gait assessment module. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that the gait assessment module combine both the traditional in-class session and the 3D motion capture system.

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BACKGROUND: The butterfly save technique is commonly used by ice hockey goaltenders and has recently been identified as a potential mechanism for hip joint injuries due to the extreme body positions involved. Unfortunately, commonly used kinematic marker sets that determine these body positions are heavily influenced by skin motion artifact and are obscured by protective equipment, making it difficult to obtain reliable measures of hip motion. PURPOSE: To create a new kinematic protocol that could be used when protective equipment prevents typical marker placements and to use this protocol to quantify hip kinematics and butterfly performance in 4 different goalie pad conditions. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: A new marker set consisting of marker clusters attached to the lateral thigh and posterior leg was developed. This marker set was verified by evaluating the root mean square (RMS) difference between the developed testing marker set and the calibrated anatomic systems technique marker set during passive range of motion (ROM) tests. The testing marker set was then used in a repeated-measures study in which 12 junior goaltenders performed 5 butterfly movements on synthetic ice, in 4 different goalie pad conditions (control, flexible-wide leg channel, flexible-tight leg channel, and stiff-wide leg channel). RESULTS: The grouped RMS differences and SDs calculated during verification were 1.43° ± 0.41°, 1.0° ± 0.39°, and 3.32° ± 1.32° for hip flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and internal-external rotation, respectively. There was no significant main effect of goal pad condition on the peak amount of hip internal rotation; however, there was a significant main effect of goal pad condition on the butterfly width (P = .022). Post hoc comparisons revealed that the butterfly width was significantly smaller in the control pad condition compared with the flexible-tight pad condition (P = .03). CONCLUSION: The new marker set enabled measurements of hip joint kinematics while subjects are wearing protective equipment that are not possible with other marker sets. Interindividual variations in performance of the butterfly technique influenced the amount of hip internal rotation achieved; however, on average, goaltenders exceeded their active internal ROM during butterfly movements. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Exceeding internal rotation range of hip motion may make goaltenders susceptible to hip injuries such as femoral acetabular impingement.

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UNLABELLED: Performing arts biomechanics is concerned with quantifying the musculoskeletal demands of artistic tasks. The growing body of related research has prompted this scoping study, solely focused on quantitative research, to summarize the state of the science, identify knowledge gaps, and identify opportunities for future research. OBJECTIVES: To identify, summarize, and categorize quantitative research on the biomechanics of violin, viola, cello, and double bass players, using scoping study methodology. METHODS: Established scoping study methodology was used to identify and categorize existing research. We identified 74 articles for review. Of these, 34 met our scoping study criteria and were included in this study. RESULTS: Twenty-one of the 34 articles that met the scoping criteria were published since 2000. Investigations using electromyography (16 studies) and kinematics (15 studies) comprise the bulk of the research. Two studies employed force transducers for data collection. Violinists were the most frequently studied musicians (22 studies) and double bass players were the least (1 study). Fewer than half of the studies used solely professional musicians as their subjects (13 studies). CONCLUSIONS: This scoping study confirmed that quantitative biomechanical research into bowed string musicians has been performed with increasing frequency and that there are voids in the research, particularly in investigating mechanisms of injury and protective strategies. Currently, arts biomechanics research is largely descriptive in nature. There are few studies that investigate protective strategies, although it is expected that the field will progress to incorporate this type of research.

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