RESUMEN
Spinal fusion is important for the clinical success of patients undergoing surgery, and the immune system plays an increasingly recognized role. Osteoimmunology is the study of the interactions between the immune system and bone. Inflammation impacts the osteogenic, osteoconductive, and osteoinductive properties of bone grafts and substitutes and ultimately influences the success of spinal fusion. Macrophages have emerged as important cells for coordinating the immune response following spinal fusion surgery, and macrophage-derived cytokines impact each phase of bone graft healing. This review explores the cellular and molecular immune processes that regulate bone homeostasis and healing during spinal fusion.
RESUMEN
Dancers require a unique blend of artistry and athleticism, and have specific medical problems that require the expertise of health care professionals who understand the demands of the performing arts. There is often a lack of alignment between health care systems and dancers' perceptions of care. Factors including country of residence, socioeconomic status, and local infrastructure can affect dancers' access to health care. Efforts to improve access are evident, and specialized care for dancers has grown significantly in recent decades. By developing and refining systems of care delivery, there are opportunities to ensure optimal health of the dancer population.