RESUMEN
Purpose: This study surveyed didactic and clinical education in fluency disorders at undergraduate and graduate institutions in the United States that provide education in speech-language pathology to determine whether a previously observed reduction in requirements has continued since prior surveys (Yaruss, 1999; Yaruss & Quesal, 2002). Method: The study involved a detailed questionnaire that was sent to 282 communication science and disorders departments. Questions examined didactic and clinical education, as well as faculty knowledge about fluency disorders. Results: Comparisons with prior surveys revealed several findings, including (a) on average, programs have increased academic coursework and incorporated more practical sessions and competency-based testing in the classroom; (b) the number of faculty who possess extensive clinical experience with fluency disorders has decreased; and (c) although an increase in clinical requirements in fluency disorders was detected, the number of programs providing minimal education about fluency disorders remains high. Conclusion: Given an expanding scope of practice, many programs have continued to try to provide adequate education about fluency disorders. Still, direct clinical experiences are limited, and faculty expertise in this area has continued to decrease. To raise students' confidence and competence in fluency disorders, efforts beyond graduate work-or systemic changes in the profession-may be necessary.
Asunto(s)
Logopedia/educación , Logopedia/métodos , Patología del Habla y Lenguaje/educación , Tartamudeo/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Curriculum , Docentes , Femenino , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Mentores , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the potential effects of the systemically delivered combination of calcium, zinc and vit-d supplementation of the locally applied alloplastic bone graft. 28 male Wistar albino rats were used in this study. In each animal, bone defects (10 mm length ¥ 3 mm width ¥ 2 mm depth) were created in the tibias. The animals were divided into four groups. In Group 1 (Control Group) rats were fed with standard rat diet. In Group 2 (Calcium Group) rats received calcium carbonate (15 mg/kg body weight) suspended in saline. In Group 3 (Calcium/Zinc Group) rats received calcium carbonate (15 mg/kg body weight) and zinc sulfate (4 mg/kg body weight) suspended in saline. In Group 4 (Calcium/Vitamin D Group) rats received calcium carbonate (15 mg/kg body weight) and Vitamin D (500 IU/kg body weight) suspended in olive oil. Histopathological analysis of samples was performed to evaluate the process of osteoblastic activity, matrix formation, trabecular bone formation and myeloid tissue in bone defects. Total amounts of osteoblastic activity, matrix formation, trabecular bone formation and myeloid yissue in Ca Group (p= 0.002), Ca/Zinc Group (p= 0.002), and Ca/Vit.D Group (p= 0.001) were significantly higher than in Control Group. The total amounts of Ca/Vit.D Group were significantly different than Control Group and Ca Group. The results of the present study indicated that the oral calcium carbonate supplementation combination with zinc may have systemic effects on accelerating bone regeneration in alloplastic bone grafted tibial defects. Further human studies involving long-term follow up and different type of bone grafts should be conducted.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los efectos potenciales de la combinación sistémica de calcio, zinc y vitamina D como suplemento de la aplicación local de un injerto óseo aloplástico. Fueron utilizadas 28 ratas Wistar albinas (machos). En cada animal, se crearon defectos óseos en las tibias (cuyas medidas fueron: 10 mm de longitud x 3 mm de ancho x 2 mm de profundidad). Los animales fueron divididos en cuatro grupos. En el Grupo 1 (control) las ratas fueron alimentadas con una dieta estándar. En el Grupo 2 (grupo de calcio) las ratas recibieron carbonato de calcio (15 mg/kg de peso corporal) suspendido en solución salina. En el Grupo 3 (grupo de calcio/zinc) las ratas recibieron carbonato de calcio (15 mg/kg de peso corporal) y sulfato de zinc (4 mg/kg de peso corporal) suspendido en solución salina. El Grupo 4 (calcio/vitamina D) recibió carbonato de calcio (15 mg/kg de peso corporal) y vitamina D (500 UI/kg de peso corporal) suspendidos en aceite de oliva. Se realizó un análisis histopatológico de las muestras para evaluar el proceso de actividad osteoblástica, formación de la matriz, hueso trabecular y tejido mieloide en defectos óseos. Las cantidades totales de actividad osteoblástica, formación de matriz, de hueso trabecular y tejido mieloide en los grupos Calcio (p= 0,002), Calcio/Zinc (p= 0,002), y Calcio/Vitamina D (p= 0,001) fueron significativamente mayores que en el grupo de control. Las cantidades totales de Calcio/Vitamina D Grupo fueron significativamente diferentes de los grupos Control y Calcio. Los resultados del presente estudio indican que lacombinación de suplementos de carbonato de calcio por vía oral con zinc puede tener efectos sistémicos sobre la aceleración de la regeneración ósea en defectos tibiales con injertos aloplásticos. Deben llevarse a cabo otros estudios en humanos, que involucren un largo plazo de seguimiento y también diferentes tipos de injertos óseos.