RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Emergence agitation is a common postanaesthetic problem in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia. We aimed to compare the effects of ketamine and midazolam administered intravenously, before the end of surgery, for prevention of emergence agitation in children who received caudal block for pain relief under sevoflurane anaesthesia. METHODS: 62 American Society of Anesthesiologists patient classification status I children, aged 2-7 years, scheduled for inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy were enrolled to the study. Anaesthesia was induced with sevoflurane 8% in a mixture of 50% oxygen and nitrous oxide. After achieving adequate depth of anaesthesia, a laryngeal mask was placed and then caudal block was performed with 0.75mLkg(-1), 0.25% bupivacaine. At the end of the surgery, ketamine 0.25mgkg(-1), midazolam 0.03mgkg(-1) and saline were given to ketamine, midazolam and control groups, respectively. Agitation was assessed using Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and postoperative pain was evaluated with modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale scores were found higher in control group than in ketamine and midazolam groups. Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores were similar between groups. Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale and Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores showed a significant decrease by time in all groups during follow-up in postanaesthesia care unit. The present study resulted in satisfactory Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores which are below 10 in all groups. As a conclusion, neither ketamine nor midazolam added to caudal block under sevoflurane anaesthesia did show further effect on emergence agitation. In addition, pain relief still seems to be the major factor in preventing emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia.
RESUMEN
Background and objectives: Emergence agitation is a common postanaesthetic problem in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia. We aimed to compare the effects of ketamine and midazolam administered intravenously, before the end of surgery, for prevention of emergence agitation in children who received caudal block for pain relief under sevoflurane anaesthesia. Methods: 62 American Society of Anesthesiologists patient classification status I children, aged 2–7 years, scheduled for inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy were enrolled to the study. Anaesthesia was induced with sevoflurane 8% in a mixture of 50% oxygen and nitrous oxide. After achieving adequate depth of anaesthesia, a laryngeal mask was placed and then caudal block was performed with 0.75 mL kg−1, 0.25% bupivacaine. At the end of the surgery, ketamine 0.25 mg kg−1, midazolam 0.03 mg kg−1 and saline were given to ketamine, midazolam and control groups, respectively. Agitation was assessed using Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and postoperative pain was evaluated with modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale. Results and conclusions: Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale scores were found higher in control group than in ketamine and midazolam groups. Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores were similar between groups. Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale and Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores showed a significant decrease by time in all groups during follow-up in postanaesthesia care unit. The present study resulted in satisfactory Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores which are below 10 in all groups. As a conclusion, neither ketamine nor midazolam added to caudal block under sevoflurane anaesthesia did show further effect on emergence agitation. In addition, pain relief still seems to be the major factor in preventing emergence ...
Justificativa e objetivos: A incidência de agitação é um problema pós-anestésico comum em crianças após a anestesia com sevoflurano. Nosso objetivo foi comparar os efeitos de cetamina e midazolam administrados por via intravenosa, antes do término da cirurgia, para prevenir a incidência de agitação em crianças submetidas ao bloqueio caudal para alívio da dor sob anestesia com sevoflurano. Métodos: Foram inscritos no estudo 62 pacientes pediátricos, entre 2-7 anos, estado físico classificado de acordo com a Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologistas (ASA: I), programados para correção de hérnia inguinal, circuncisão ou orquidopexia. A anestesia foi induzida com sevoflurano a 8% em uma mistura de oxigênio (50%) e óxido nitroso (50%). Depois de atingir a profundidade adequada da anestesia, uma máscara laríngea foi colocada e, em seguida, o bloqueio caudal foi feito com bupivacaína a 0,25% (0,75 mL kg−1). No fim da cirurgia, cetamina (0,25 mg kg−1), midazolam (0,03 mg kg−1) e solução salina foram administrados aos grupos cetamina, midazolam e controle, respectivamente. A incidência de agitaçio foi avaliada com a escala Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) e a dor no período pós-operatório avaliada com a escala modificada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (mCHEOPS). Resultados e conclusões: Os escores de dor da escala modificada mCHEOPS foram maiores no grupo controle do que nos grupos cetamina e midazolam. Os escores PAED foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Os escores dessas duas escalas mostraram uma diminuição significativa do tempo em todos os grupos durante o acompanhamento em sala de recuperação pós-anestesia. O presente estudo resultou em escores satisfatórios da escala PAED, que ficaram abaixo ...
Introducción y objetivos La incidencia de agitación es un problema postanestésico frecuente en niños después de la anestesia con sevoflurano. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar los efectos de la ketamina y del midazolam administrados por vía intravenosa antes del término de la cirugía para prevenir la incidencia de agitación en niños sometidos al bloqueo caudal para alivio del dolor bajo anestesia con sevoflurano. Métodos 62 pacientes pediátricos, con edades entre 2 y 7 años, estado físico clasificado de acuerdo con la Sociedad Norteamericana de Anestesiólogos (ASA I), programados para la corrección de hernia inguinal, circuncisión o orquidopexia fueron inscritos en el estudio. La anestesia se indujo con sevoflurano al 8% en una mezcla de oxígeno al 50% y óxido nitroso al 50%. Después de alcanzar la profundidad adecuada de la anestesia, una mascarilla laríngea se colocó y enseguida el bloqueo caudal se realizó con bupivacaína al 0,25% (0,75 ml kg−1). Al final de la cirugía, la ketamina (0,25 mg kg−1), el midazolam (0,03 mg kg−1) y la solución salina fueron administrados a los grupos ketamina, midazolam y control, respectivamente. La incidencia de agitación se evaluó usando la escala Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium y el dolor en el período postoperatorio se calculó con la escala modificada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale. Resultados y conclusiones Las puntuaciones de dolor de la escala modificada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale fueron más elevadas en el grupo control que en los grupos ketamina y midazolam. Las puntuaciones de la Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium fueron parecidas entre los grupos. Las puntuaciones de esas 2 escalas arrojaron una reducción significativa del tiempo en todos los grupos durante el ...