RESUMEN
Defined daily doses (DDD) have been established in human medicine to standardize the measurement of treatment in a population. In veterinary medicine, the European Medicine Agency published defined daily dose (DDDvet) values for antimicrobial agents used in food-producing animals in 2016. National defined doses (DDDjp) for antimicrobials used for pigs in Japan have recently been determined. The aim of this study was to compare the results of calculated antimicrobial use in the field using the DDDjp and DDDvet values. Data from 74 pig farms in Japan relative to antimicrobial use in 2019 was collected. The numbers of DDDs (the weight of biomass treated in kg-days) using DDDjp and DDDvet values for each farm and for different antimicrobial classes were compared. Associations between calculated numbers of DDDjp and DDDvet on farm level were investigated. In addition, differences in antimicrobial use were investigated between different production types of farms (farrowing, finishing and farrow-to-finish farms). Using DDDjp and DDDvet values, the aggregated number of DDDs for 74 farms were 4,099,188 and 2,217,085 respectively, with the former being larger by 1.85 times than the latter. The most frequently used antimicrobial class was penicillin regardless of whether DDDjp or DDDvet was used. The absence of DDDvet values for certain antimicrobial agents used in Japan and the differences in the number of DDDjps/PCU and DDDvets/PCU indicated the need for Japanese DDDs. The number of DDDs per kg population correction unit (PCU) per farm tended to be higher in farrowing farms than in farrow-to-finish farms and finishing farms, with no significant difference (P = 0.19).
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Cálculo de Dosificación de Drogas , Granjas , Penicilinas/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Utilización de Medicamentos , Europa (Continente) , Japón , PorcinosRESUMEN
Monitoring of antimicrobial use is essential in the management of the development and selection of antimicrobial resistance. A variety of indicators has become available to monitor antimicrobial use in human and animal medicine. One of them is an indicator based on defined daily dose (DDD). By using the number of DDDs administered and normalising it by the population at risk of being treated over a defined period, one can estimate the number of treatment days with antimicrobial agents in a population. For veterinary medicine, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has published the European values of DDD (DDDvet) for food-producing animals. In this study, we defined Japanese defined daily doses for antimicrobial agents (DDDjp) using DDD values that we previously assigned for antimicrobial products approved for use in pigs, cattle and poultry in Japan and compared them with DDDvet values. For the comparison, the quotient of Japanese and European values (QDDD) was calculated and the effect of the administration route and the number of active substances contained in the preparation was investigated. A total of 59 DDDjp values were defined for 43 antimicrobial agents using the data of 276 products approved for use in pigs. Likewise, a total of 55 DDDjp values were defined for 32 antimicrobial agents using the data of 196 products for use in cattle, and a total of 27 DDDjps values were defined for 25 antimicrobial agents using the data of 131 products approved for use in poultry. A comparison was made for 42, 28 and 17 pairs of DDDjp and DDDvet values for antimicrobial agents used for pigs, cattle and poultry respectively. The comparison showed median QDDD value of 0.61 and 0.66 for antimicrobial agents used for pigs and cattle respectively (p<0.01), indicating that the Japanese daily doses are significantly lower than the corresponding EMA values in these species. For the antimicrobial agents used for poultry, no significant difference was observed between DDDjp and DDDvet values with a median QDDD value of 1.15. The difference between DDDvet and DDDjp values and absence of DDDvet values for some antimicrobial agents marketed in Japan indicate that DDDjp rather than DDDvet should be used as the basis for the calculation of antimicrobial use monitoring in farm animals in Japan.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Drogas Veterinarias/uso terapéutico , Medicina Veterinaria , Animales , Animales Domésticos , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antiinfecciosos/administración & dosificación , Bovinos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Utilización de Medicamentos , Europa (Continente) , Japón , Aves de Corral , Porcinos , Drogas Veterinarias/administración & dosificación , Medicina Veterinaria/métodosRESUMEN
During fiscal years 2014-2018, a total of 254 internship programs were held by local government organizations under the VPcamp project, a project sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. We conducted a Poisson regression analysis using the number of applicants for each program as dependent variable and potential factors as independent variables that might affect the number of applicants. The factors that were found to significantly affect the number of applicants were: the program opening date; the type of venue where the program took place; the target grades of veterinary students; the regional location of the local government that organized the program; and the proximity of the local government from a veterinary school.