RESUMEN
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain major causes of global mortality in the world. Genetic approaches have succeeded in the discovery of the molecular basis of an increasing number of cardiac diseases. Genome-editing strategies are one of the most effective methods for assisting therapeutic approaches. Potential therapeutic methods of correcting disease-causing mutations or of knocking out specific genes as approaches for the prevention of CVDs have gained substantial attention using genome-editing techniques. Recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has become the most widely used genome-editing technology in molecular biology due to its benefits such as simple design, high efficiency, good repeatability, short cycle, and cost-effectiveness. In the present review, we discuss the possibilities of applying the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing tool in the CVDs.
RESUMEN
Background: Cardiac surgery is frequently associated with macro and microcirculatory hypoperfusion. Patients with normal central venous oxygen saturation (Scvo2) also suffer from hypoperfusion. We hypothesized that monitoring central venous-arterial pco2 difference (dCO2) could also serve as additional marker in detecting hypoperfusion in cardiac surgery patient. Methods: This is a prospective observational study. Patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting included in this study. The dCO2 was measured postoperatively. The patients with a ScvO2 ≥70% were divided in to 2 groups, the high-dCO2 group (≥8 mmHg) and the low-dCO2 group (<8 mmHg). Results: The 65 patient had scvO2 ≥70%. Out of these, 20 patients were assigned to the high dCO2 group and 45 patients to the low dCO2 group. Patients with high dco2 had higher lactate levels after ICU admission. They also had significantly prolonged need for mechanical ventilation (14.90 ± 10.33 vs 10 ± 9.65, P = 0.0402), ICU stay (5.05 ± 2.52 d vs 3.75 ± 2.36 d, P = 0.049) and hospital stay (12.25 ± 5.90 d vs 8.57 ± 5.55 d P = 0.018). The overall rate of post-operative complications was similar in both the group. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates dCO2 as an easy to assess and routinely available tool to detect global and microcirculatory hypoperfusion in off-pump CABG patients, with assumed adequate fluid status and ScvO2 as a hemodynamic goal. We observed that high dCO2 (>8 mmHg) was associated with decreased DO2I, increased oxygen extraction ratio, the longer need for mechanical ventilation and longer ICU stay.