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BACKGROUND: Limited evidence is available regarding dentists' knowledge and interpretation of infective endocarditis (IE) prophylaxis guidelines. The aim of this study was to determine understanding and management of rheumatic and non-rheumatic valvular heart disease (VHD) in the dental setting in Western Australia (WA). METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of dentists within Perth utilized an online Qualtrics questionnaire developed after consultation with stakeholders. A sampling frame was compiled from the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency with contact details obtained from the White Pages (online), using five quintiles of Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas according to dentist's place of practice. RESULTS: Of 41 (13.7% of 300 approached) dentists completing the survey (95.1% general dentists, mean years of practice = 15.6), 90.2% reported following the Australian Therapeutic Guidelines (ATG) regarding IE antibiotic prophylaxis in VHD. Most (92.7%) were unaware of the rheumatic heart disease (RHD) control program. Nearly all participants indicated prophylaxis for clearly invasive procedures such as tooth extraction (100.0%) and periodontal surgery (95.1%). Many dentists made the decision to prescribe antibiotics themselves (36.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of dentists followed the ATG's IE prophylaxis recommendations for cardiac lesions and dental procedures. There was limited knowledge of the national RHD guidelines and the WA RHD control program.

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BACKGROUND: Previous research has raised substantial concerns regarding the validity of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) codes (ICD-10 I05-I09) for rheumatic heart disease (RHD) due to likely misclassification of non-rheumatic valvular disease (non-rheumatic VHD) as RHD. There is currently no validated, quantitative approach for reliable case ascertainment of RHD in administrative hospital data. METHODS: A comprehensive dataset of validated Australian RHD cases was compiled and linked to inpatient hospital records with an RHD ICD code (2000-2018, n=7555). A prediction model was developed based on a generalized linear mixed model structure considering an extensive range of demographic and clinical variables. It was validated internally using randomly selected cross-validation samples and externally. Conditional optimal probability cutpoints were calculated, maximising discrimination separately for high-risk versus low-risk populations. RESULTS: The proposed model reduced the false-positive rate (FPR) from acute rheumatic fever (ARF) cases misclassified as RHD from 0.59 to 0.27; similarly for non-rheumatic VHD from 0.77 to 0.22. Overall, the model achieved strong discriminant capacity (AUC: 0.93) and maintained a similar robust performance during external validation (AUC: 0.88). It can also be used when only basic demographic and diagnosis data are available. CONCLUSION: This paper is the first to show that not only misclassification of non-rheumatic VHD but also of ARF as RHD yields substantial FPRs. Both sources of bias can be successfully addressed with the proposed model which provides an effective solution for reliable RHD case ascertainment from hospital data for epidemiological disease monitoring and policy evaluation.

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Acute rheumatic fever (ARF), an auto-immune response to a group A Streptococcus infection and precursor to rheumatic heart disease (RHD), remains endemic in many socio-economically disadvantaged settings. A Global Resolution on ARF and RHD was recently adopted at the 71st World Health Assembly where governments committed to improving efforts to prevent and control ARF and RHD. To inform these efforts, the objectives of this study were to examine associations between childhood ARF in the UK between 1958 and 1969 and a range of environmental and social factors. Of 17 416 children from the nationally representative birth cohort of the National Child Development Study, ARF was reported in 23 children during early childhood (between birth and the 7-year follow-up) and in 29 additional children during middle childhood (between the 7- and 11-year follow-ups). Risk factors associated with ARF in both early and middle childhood were: a large family size; attendance at a private nursery or class; a history of nephritis, kidney or urinary tract infections; and a history of throat or ear infections. Risk factors for ARF in early childhood alone were families with fathers in a professional or semi-professional occupation and families who moved out of their local neighbourhood. Risk factors in late childhood alone included overcrowding and free school meals. These data suggest that prevention strategies in ARF endemic settings may be enhanced by targeting, for example, new members entering a community and children in environments of close contact, such as a nursery or shared bedrooms.

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BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on the extent of specific functional sequelae, including acquired communication disorder, among Aboriginal stroke survivors, making planning of multidisciplinary services difficult. AIMS: To obtain estimates of the extent and profile of acquired communication disorder in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal adult stroke survivors in Western Australia and investigate potential disparities in receiving in-hospital speech pathology services among survivors with acquired communication disorder. METHODS: Stroke cases surviving their first stroke episode during 2002-2011 were identified using Western Australia-wide person-based linked hospital and mortality data, and their five-year comorbidity profiles determined. The mid-year prevalence of stroke cases with acquired communication disorder was estimated for 2011. Regression methods were used to investigate determinants of receiving speech pathology services among acquired communication disorder cases. RESULTS: Of 14,757 stroke survivors aged 15-79 years admitted in 2002-2011, 33% had acquired communication disorder (22% aphasia/dysphasia) and 777 (5.3%) were Aboriginal. Aboriginal patients were more likely to be younger, live remotely, and have comorbidities. A diagnosis of aphasia was more common in Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal patients 15-44 years (p = 0.003). A minimum of 107 Aboriginal and 2324 non-Aboriginal stroke patients with acquired communication disorder lived in Western Australia in 2011. Aboriginal status was not associated with receiving in-hospital speech services among acquired communication disorder patients in unadjusted or adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: The relative youth, geographical distribution, high comorbidity prevalence, and cultural needs of Aboriginal stroke patients with acquired communication disorder should inform appropriate service design for speech pathology and rehabilitation. Innovative models are required to address workforce issues, given low patient volumes.

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AIMS: To assess the level of evidence-based drug prescribing for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) at discharge from Western Australian (WA) hospitals and determine predictors of such prescribing in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal patients. METHODS: All Aboriginal (2002-2004) and a random sample of non-Aboriginal (2003) hospital admissions with a principal diagnosis of ACS were extracted from the WA Hospital Morbidity Data Collection of WA Data Linkage System. Clinical information, history of co-morbidities and drugs were collected from medical notes by trained data collectors. Evidence-based prescribing (EBP) was defined as prescribing of aspirin, statin and beta-blocker or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II antagonist. RESULTS: Records for 1717 ACS patients discharged alive from hospitals were reviewed. The majority of patients (71%) had EBP, and there was no significant difference between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal patients (70% vs 71%, P = 0.36). Conversely, a significantly higher proportion of Aboriginal patients had none of the drugs prescribed compared with non-Aboriginal patients (11% vs 7%, P < 0.01). EBP for ACS was independently associated with male sex (odds ratio (OR) 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-2.11), previous admission for ACS (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.39-2.42) and diabetes (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.04-1.79). However, ACS patients living in regional and remote areas, attending district or private hospitals, or with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were significantly less likely to have ACS drugs prescribed at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Opportunity exists to improve prescribing of recommended drugs for ACS patients at discharge from WA hospitals in both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal patients. Attention regarding pharmaceutical management post-ACS is particularly required for patients from rural and remote areas, and those attending district and private hospitals.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this report was to review and describe the management of incomplete abortion by public sector hospitals. DESIGN: A descriptive study in which data were collected prospectively from routine hospital records on all women admitted with incomplete abortion to a stratified random sample of hospitals between 14 and 28 September 1994. SETTING: Public sector hospitals in South Africa. PATIENTS: Women with incomplete abortions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Length of hospital stay, details of medical management, details of surgical management, determinants of the above. MAIN RESULTS: Data were collected on 803 patients from the 56 participating hospitals. Of these, 767 (95.9%) were in hospital for 1 day or more, and 753 (95.3%) women underwent evacuation of the uterus. Sharp curettage was the method employed in 726 (96.9%) and general anaesthesia was used for 601 (68%) of the women requiring uterine evacuation. Antibiotics were prescribed for 396 (49.5%) and blood transfusions were administered to 125 (17%) women. Statistical analysis showed length of stay to be longer in small hospitals (under 500 beds) and when the medical condition was more severe. Antibiotic usage and blood transfusion were more common with increasing severity and a low haemoglobin level on admission. However, some inappropriate management was identified with regard to both. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that uncomplicated incomplete abortion can be more effectively and safely managed using the manual vacuum aspiration technique with sedation/analgesia as an outpatient procedure. Attention should be directed at the introduction of this management routine at all types of hospital and to the ensuring of appropriate management of women with complicated abortion.

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The Mamre Hypertension Project was initiated in response to studies indicating that hypertension and cardiovascular disease were prevalent in a rural community of Mamre, located in the Western Cape, South Africa. A survey was done to collect baseline information on the prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors. The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension in people aged 15 years or more was 13.9% in men and 16.3% in women. Of the hypertensive subjects, 27% were not aware of their hypertension, a further 14.4% were not on treatment, and only 16.8% had their blood pressure (BP) controlled at under 140/90 mm Hg. There was a high prevalence of smoking, heavy alcohol use (in men), obesity (in women) and physical inactivity. The survey results will be used to assess the impact of the intervention programme using a before and after design, and are being used to direct interventions. The intervention programme comprises a BP station catering primarily for people with hypertension, and a health education and promotion programme directed at the general community. The BP station screens for hypertension, monitors BP and compliance with medication in hypertensives, and encourages risk factor modification. Health promotion activities include a smoking cessation group and a weight reduction and exercise group. These are run by community volunteers with support from outside consultants. The effects of the programme will be assessed after 4-5 years.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of NIDDM and associated risk factors in urban Africans in Cape Town, South Africa. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: With a three-stage, proportional, stratified, random cluster method, we sampled 1000 Africans, > 30 yr of age, living in African residential areas in Cape Town. We assessed glucose tolerance with a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, according to World Health Organization criteria, and obtained anthropometric and demographic data. RESULTS: The response rate was 79%. The prevalence of NIDDM was 8.0% (confidence interval 5.8-10.3%), age-adjusted to world population figures and that of impaired glucose tolerance, 7.0% (confidence interval 4.9-9.1%). Multivariate analysis indicated that increased age (odds ratio 4.18), upper-segment fat distribution (odds ratio 2.94), proportion of life spent in an urban area (odds ratio 2.32), and obesity (odds ratio 2.31) were significant independent risk factors for NIDDM. In contrast, sex, family history, alcohol intake, and physical activity were not independent risk factors. Only increased age (odds ratio 4.06) was a significant risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of NIDDM in urban Africans in Cape Town, South Africa, is moderately high, and considerably higher than previous reports from Africa. The association of NIDDM with urbanization has important implications in view of the large-scale urbanization occurring in southern Africa.

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The 1918 influenza epidemic was a historic, health and demographic landmark in South Africa. In Mamre the mortality rate was 39/1,000, which was similar to the rate in Cape Town. The male/female ratio was 1,33, with males between the ages of 20 and 40 years accounting for 60% of deaths.

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Mamre's history spans the period of Khoikhoi habitation of the area to the present-day village. In 1808 a Moravian mission station was established there. The church remains an important feature of the modernising community, which is currently under secular control.

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Demographic, social and environmental information was collected from 4,623 residents in 870 Mamre households: 34.3% of the population were under 15 years and 4.4% over 65 years of age, while 2.7% of adults had had no education, 42.1% had only primary school education, 51.1% secondary school education and 4.1% had had some tertiary education. Education and age were inversely related. Of employable adults 64.7% were working. Community, social and personal services and manufacturing accounted for 76% of the male and 92% of the female jobs. Cape Town or Atlantis was the workplace for 78% of male and 87.2% of female workers. Of the labour supply 17.2% were unemployed; 75% of employed people were semi-skilled and unskilled workers. There was a mean of 5.3 persons per household, with a median of 3 rooms per household. Of the houses 18.4% were older than 80 years; 38% of households had inside taps and 98% had outside tap(s). Sewage disposal by the bucket system was used in 86% of households while 13% used flush toilets. The mean amount of money spent on fuel was R10.92 per person per month. The Mamre community is well past the initial phase of rural-urban transition in terms of its sociodemographic profile. At present, critical environmental infrastructural changes are being introduced.

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From the outset, community participation has been a working principle of the Mamre Community Health Project. The health planning approach was the predominant one used in Mamre. Attempts at improving community participation include the involvement of a steering committee elected by community members, the use of local people as interviewers and the feedback of results to the community in an accessible way. The process of negotiation of entry into the community was concluded. While consent and passive participation of the community were achieved, active participation remains a challenge for the future. Means of realistically evaluating community participation need to be developed.

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