RESUMEN
The characterization of radionuclides in Fukushima is important to determine their origins and current state in the environment. Radionuclides exist as fine particles and are mixed with other constituents. A measurement method with both micro-imaging capability and highly selective element detection is necessary to analyze these particles. We developed such an imaging technique using a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and wavelength-tunable Ti:Sapphire lasers for the resonance ionization of target elements without mass interference. This is called resonant laser ionization sputtered neutral mass spectrometry. The instrument has a high lateral resolution and a higher ionization selectivity using two-step resonance excitation of Cs with two lasers at different wavelengths. Optimization of the wavelength for resonance ionization using a Cs compound was performed, and a real environmental particle containing radioactive Cs was analyzed. Isotope images of three kinds of Cs were successfully obtained without interfere from Ba isotopes for the first time.
RESUMEN
A ruthenium complex catalyzes a new cycloisomerization reaction of 2,2'-diethynylbiphenyls to form 9-ethynylphenanthrenes, thereby cleaving the carbon-carbon triple bond of the original ethynyl group. A metal-vinylidene complex is generated from one of the two ethynyl groups, and its carbon-carbon double bond undergoes a [2+2] cycloaddition with the other ethynyl group to form a cyclobutene. The phenanthrene skeleton is constructed by the subsequent electrocyclic ring opening of the cyclobutene moiety.
RESUMEN
Cattle manure composts were consecutively manufactured. Compost that reached maturity first was used as a bulking and inoculating agent for subsequent compost production. The microbial community was measured through phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Changes in the content of fatty acid methyl esters derived from phospholipids were similar in all the composts. The diversity index for the fatty acid methyl ester content increased in the secondary-produced compost from the onset of composting. Microbial succession was accelerated using matured compost. The proportion of biomarker fatty acids for gram-positive bacteria also increased in the secondary-produced compost from the early stage of composting. Changes in germination index indicated the maturity stage of the compost. The proportion of biomarker fatty acids for gram-positive bacteria was positively correlated to the germination index, indicating that phospholipid fatty acid analysis is an indicator for evaluating the maturity of cattle manure composts.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/metabolismo , Estiércol/microbiología , Suelo , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Bovinos , Análisis por Conglomerados , Ésteres/análisis , Ácidos Grasos , Nitrógeno , Análisis de Componente Principal , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Fertility is a physiological process of great importance underlying the dynamics of mosquito populations. In transgenesis, it is a prerequisite for the production of subsequent generations and a crucial parameter for evaluating efficiency. Yet, ongoing success in mosquito vector transformation is being severely affected by low embryo survivability. In the prospect of overcoming this impediment, we investigated the darkening/hardening process of the chorion, the effects of some parameters required for transgenesis on hatch success, and erratic hatching in Aedes albopictus, a species that has not yet been targeted for transformation. The eggs from this species, when placed in a moistened environment while whitish, become dark and yet still remain soft approximately 2 h 10 min postoviposition. Those reared in a high moisture environment hatched at a high rate compared with their counterparts submitted to a drier environment. Submission of eggs to p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidino-benzoate, a substance known to delay the darkening/delay process, resulted in a hatch rate lower than that from eggs soaked in distilled water, which suggests a negative impact on viability. Heat-shock treatment did not taint embryo viability. Overall, eggs displayed a tolerance to an hour of heat shock at 39 degrees C but still hatched at a considerable rate after a 1 hr exposure to 42 degrees C. Hatching was erratic, with a high rate of hatching on the initial flooding and lower rates of hatching on subsequent floodings, all of which resulted cumulatively in considerable hatch success. Our results should serve as a useful reference for the production of both transgenic and laboratory strains of floodwater Aedes mosquitoes.
Asunto(s)
Aedes/fisiología , Aedes/genética , Animales , Animales Modificados Genéticamente/genética , Ecología , Oviposición/genética , Oviposición/fisiología , Óvulo , AguaRESUMEN
A monoclonal antibody termed JM3-3-3A was produced by somatic cell hybridization. The reactivity was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence. JM3-3-3A was reactive with 41% human peripheral blood T cells and 48% non-T cells. Among various human lymphoblastoid cell lines (MOLT 4F, JM, and TALL-I), TALL-I was found not to be reactive with JM-13-3-3A. Human peripheral blood Tcells fractionated by JM3-3-3A-coated dish panning were submitted to functional studies. JM3-3-3A positive T cells responded to mitogens, concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin-P much better than JM3-3-3A negative T cells in the presence or absence of adherent cells. JM3-3-3A positive T cells showed suppressor activity and JM3-3-3A negative T cells showed helper activity in pokeweed mitogen-induced Ig production. More than fifty percent of the JM3-3-3A positive T cells were reactive with OKT8 which binds to suppressor/ cytotoxic T cells, whereas 18% of JM3-3-3A negative T cells were reactive with OKTIl. In addition, immunoprecipitation experiments identified a protein with an approximate molecular weight of 43,000 as a cell surface antigen for JM3-3-3A. Thus, the reactivity of JM3-3-3A showed a wide distribution but human peripheral blood T cells could be dissected functionally by this antibody.