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Objectives　This study aimed to longitudinally determine the eating behavior and food group intake of female students to examine the relationship between eating behaviors and intention to improve eating habits (change in eating habits stages) and help health education use the behavior change theory.Methods　This one-year longitudinal study included 130 female students from Japanese colleges. The stage at which eating habits and behaviors (skipping breakfast, eating out, instant food intake, and snacking) and intake of food groups rich in protein, calcium, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats and oils were assessed. The stages were as follows; pre-contemplation or contemplation (lower group), preparation (middle group), and action or maintenance (upper group). A self-assessment questionnaire was administered to evaluate eating behaviors and food group intake frequencies using a 5-point Likert scale. P-values of <.05 were considered statistically significant.Results　A cross-sectional comparison of eating behaviors and food group intake scores demonstrated significant differences between the stages only in snacking behavior. The upper group consumed snacks significantly less frequently than the middle and lower groups. After one year, a longitudinal comparison of eating behaviors and food group intake scores revealed significant differences in the intake of food groups rich in vitamins and minerals (green and yellow vegetables), fats and oils in the pre-contemplation stage, intake of food groups rich in vitamins/minerals (green and yellow vegetables) and frequency of skipping breakfast in the preparation stage, and frequency of eating out and snacking in the action stage. Each stage demonstrated a decreasing trend in food intake and an increasing trend in the frequency of skipping breakfast, eating out, and snacking. The percentages of students whose eating habits stage dropped during the second year were 49.0%, 100%, and 77.8% in the preparation, action, and maintenance stages, respectively. This indicates that there are cases in which readiness reverses in stages with improved eating habits.Conclusion　In health education on eating habits, it is vital to understand the changes in eating habit stages for each eating behavior and details of actual eating behaviors and habits. Thus, health education should align to the needs of each individual to support them in transforming and maintaining a higher stage of change in their eating habits.

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Healthcare services provided by registered dietitians and dietitians have been changing because of evolving lifestyles and population dynamics, leading to subsequent changes in the occupational status and experiences of these professionals. However, few studies have examined occupational stress among registered dietitians and dietitians. This study involved a cross-sectional survey to investigate the status and associated factors of work engagement among registered dietitians and dietitians, whose professions differ based on licensing processes and scope of work. A total of 3,593 questionnaires were distributed, 1,890 responses were received, and 1,654 valid questionnaires were analyzed. Work engagement was measured using the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations between work engagement and each factor. The work engagement scores of dietitians were significantly lower than those of registered dietitians. Further, work engagement was associated with age, workplace, coworker support, and effort-reward ratio for both registered dietitians and dietitians. However, exercise habit was a significant factor associated with work engagement only among dietitians. Work engagement among registered dietitians was comparable to that of typical Japanese workers, whereas it was lower among dietitians. The findings highlight the importance of considering associated factors to improve work engagement further, especially among dietitians.

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OBJECTIVES: This study aims to clarify dietitians' effort-reward imbalance (ERI) and examine its association with psychologic distress. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 3593 questionnaires were distributed to dietitians in about 110 organizations and 1890 responses were received (response rate 52.6%). Hence, a total of 1743 valid questionnaires were used in the analysis. Effort-reward (ER) ratio was measured by a subscale of the ERI Questionnaire, and psychologic distress was measured by the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). The association between the ER ratio and psychologic distress was analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis with covariates. RESULTS: The mean ER ratio was 0.83 (SD = 0.53) and ERI (ER ratio >1) prevalence was 26.3%. The mean K6 score was 7.1 (5.3), and psychologic distress (K6 score ≥5) prevalence was 62.4%. The increased psychologic distress was associated with a higher ER ratio, less support from supervisors and coworkers, and lower age and household income. ERI was significantly associated with psychologic distress, even after being adjusted for covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Dietitians experience high stress, as shown by their high ER ratio and K6 scores. Their ERI was greatly associated with psychologic distress.

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OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aim to establish supportive measures for sustaining a healthy diet in students and young adults after graduating from high school by examining possible factors leading to changes in their daily nutrient consumption. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted among university, college, and vocational school students throughout the main island of Japan (total numbers of respondents with valid responses, 1,256) to evaluate their diets using a five-point scale. Two groups were selected based on the status of daily nutrient consumption. One group comprised 258 students who had maintained high nutrition scores (scored ≥ 4 points in all six primary food groups) since their third year in high school (maintained high-score group) and the other group comprised 250 students whose nutrition scores declined after high school (decreased-score group: scored high in the third year of high school but the scores decreased after admission to universities, colleges, and other institutes). By comparing these two groups, we investigated the possible factors affecting the decrease in nutrition scores. RESULTS: As the number of students in "the period of solitary living" and with the behavior of "skipping breakfast" increased, the proportion of students in the decreased-score group was found to increase. The eating behaviors that significantly differed between the students in the third year and those after graduating from high school were "skipping breakfast", "eating out", and "instant food intake" in the decreased-score group in both genders. CONCLUSION: Results of this study indicate that we must promote measures that address the factors affecting nutrition intake after high school graduation.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this cross-sectional study of students was to analyze nutritional intake factors and their contribution to preventing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in youth. METHODS: This study was based on the results of the Eating Behavior and Health Awareness survey conducted among university, college, and vocational school students throughout the main island of Japan (1,256 valid responders). RESULTS: The results of the logistic regression analysis are given below. Variables with significant positive regression coefficients, in the order from higher to lower odds ratios, were as follows: "household living arrangement", "skipping breakfast", and "cooking techniques" were the variables shown in men; "household living arrangement", "instant food intake", "skipping breakfast", "eating out", "stages of change in healthy eating", were the variables shown in women. In contrast, the variable "body mass index (BMI)" exhibited a significant negative regression coefficient in women. Students with low BMI showed a higher probability of exhibiting high nutritional intake. CONCLUSION: The variables "household living arrangement" and "skipping breakfast" may be associated with nutritional imbalance in both genders. Future prospective studies on diet and lifestyle factors are needed to clarify this issue further.

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Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors are rare, and there have been very few reports regarding optimal chemotherapeutic regimens. Two molecular targeted agents, everolimus and sunitinib, have recently been shown to provide an additional treatment benefit for pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. However, little information is available regarding the usefulness of streptozocin chemotherapy. Here, we encountered a case of relapsed and refractory mediastinal atypical carcinoid tumor associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 for various cytotoxic and molecular targeted agents. The patient showed a good response to streptozocin monotherapy. We describe the case and review streptozocin chemotherapy in patients with pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors.

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OBJECTIVE: Novel recombinant human lysosomal ß-hexosaminidase A (HexA) was developed for enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases, ie, autosomal recessive GM2 gangliosidoses, caused by HexA deficiency. METHODS: A recombinant human HexA (Om4HexA) with a high mannose 6-phosphate (M6P)-type-N-glycan content, which was produced by a methylotrophic yeast strain, Ogataea minuta, overexpressing the OmMNN4 gene, was intracerebroventricularly (ICV) administered to Sandhoff disease model mice (Hexb⁻/⁻ mice) at different doses (0.5-2.5 mg/kg), and then the replacement and therapeutic effects were examined. RESULTS: The Om4HexA was widely distributed across the ependymal cell layer, dose-dependently restored the enzyme activity due to uptake via cell surface cation-independent M6P receptor (CI-M6PR) on neural cells, and reduced substrates, including GM2 ganglioside (GM2), asialo GM2 (GA2), and oligosaccharides with terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues (GlcNAc-oligosaccharides), accumulated in brain parenchyma. A significant inhibition of chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1 α (MIP-1α) induction was also revealed, especially in the hindbrain (< 63%). The decrease in central neural storage correlated with an improvement of motor dysfunction as well as prolongation of the lifespan. INTERPRETATION: This lysosome-directed recombinant human enzyme drug derived from methylotrophic yeast has the high therapeutic potential to improve the motor dysfunction and quality of life of the lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) patients with neurological manifestations. We emphasize the importance of neural cell surface M6P receptor as a delivery target of neural cell-directed enzyme replacement therapy (NCDERT) for neurodegenerative metabolic diseases.

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We have found that ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions produced by electrocoagulation induce cell proliferation in visceral organs through vagal hyperactivity, and also stimulate regeneration of partially resected liver in rats. To facilitate identification of proliferative and/or regenerative factors at the gene level, we developed electrical production of VMH lesions in mice, for which more genetic information is available compared to rats, and examined the pathophysiological profiles in these mice. Using ddy mice, we produced VMH lesions with reference to the previously reported method in rats. We then examined the pathophysiological profiles of the VMH-lesioned mice. Electrical VMH lesions in mice were produced using the following coordinates: 1.6 mm posterior to the bregma, anteriorly; 0.5 mm lateral to the midsagittal line, transversely; and 0.2 mm above the base of the skull, vertically, with 1 mA of current intensity and 10 s duration. The VMH-lesioned mice showed similar metabolic characteristics to those of VMH-lesioned rats, including body weight gain, increased food intake, increased percentage body fat, and elevated serum insulin and leptin. However, there were some differences in short period of hyperphagia, and in normal serum lipids compared to those of VMH-lesioned rats. The mice showed a similar cell proliferation in visceral organs, including stomach, small intestine, liver, and, exocrine and endocrine pancreas. In conclusion, procedures for development of VMH lesions in mice by electrocoagulation were developed and the VMH-lesioned mice showed pathophysiological profiles similar to those of VMH-lesioned rats, particularly in cell proliferation in visceral organs. These findings have not been observed previously in gold thioglucose-induced VMH-lesioned mice. This model may be a new tool for identifying factors involved in cell proliferation or regeneration in visceral organs.

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UNLABELLED: Aims/Introduction: The effects of 5-day voluntary exercise on muscle damage and muscle protein degradation were investigated in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of moderately glycemic, uncontrolled, type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the preliminary experiment, an oral glucose tolerance (1.0 g/kg) test was carried out to confirm the development of diabetes 3 days after streptozotocin treatment (30 mg/kg). In the genuine experiment, rats were divided into four groups: (i) non-diabetic rats without exercise (controls); (ii) non-diabetic rats with exercise; (iii) diabetic rats without exercise; and (iv) diabetic rats with exercise. After 5 days of voluntary wheel running exercise, blood and 24-h urine were collected, and levels of serum creatine kinase, a marker of muscle damage, and 24-h urinary excretion of muscle degradation products were determined. RESULTS: Type 2 diabetic rats with insulin deficiency that exercised had higher serum creatine kinase and greater urinary excretions of creatinine, urea nitrogen and 3-methylhistidine compared with both type 2 diabetic rats with insulin deficiency and non-diabetic rats that did not exercise. However, there were no differences in serum creatine kinase and urinary excretions of creatinine, urea nitrogen and 3-methylhistidine between non-diabetic rats that did and did not exercise. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that muscle damage is induced and muscle protein degradation are enhanced by chronic moderate exercise in moderately glycemic uncontrolled type 2 diabetic rats with insulin deficiency at an intensity level of exercise that does not affect muscle damage and muscle protein degradation in non-diabetic rats. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2011.00130.x, 2011).

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SUMMARY: The association between degree of obesity and cardiovascular and related metabolic risk factors were examined in 355 Japanese obese school children from 11 to 12 years old. The parameters evaluated were blood pressure, serum lipids, fasting blood glucose, and serum ALT and AST. ALT, AST and triglycerides were more commonly evaluated in obese boys than in obese girls, while HDL-cholesterol was more commonly lowered in obese girls. Hypercholesterolemia was 2-fold, and abnormal liver functions were 3-fold more common in severely obese than in moderate obese children. Thus, cardiovascular and related metabolic risk factors are present in obesity in school-aged children, particularly in boys.:

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Effective enzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal storage diseases requires a recombinant enzyme with highly phosphorylated N-glycans. Recombinant human beta-hexosaminidase A is a potentially therapeutic enzyme for GM2-gangliosidosis. Recombinant HexA has been produced by using the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea minuta as a host, and the purified enzyme was tested for its replacement effect on cultured fibroblasts derived from GM2-gangliosidosis patients. Although the therapeutic effect was observed, in order to obtain the higher therapeutic effect with a little dose as possible, increased phosphorylation of recombinant beta-hexosaminidase A N-glycans is suggested to be prerequisite. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the overexpression of MNN4, which encodes a positive regulator of mannosylphosphate transferase, led to increased mannosylphosphate contents. In the present study, we cloned OmMNN4, a homologous gene to ScMNN4, based on the genomic sequence of O. minuta. We overexpressed the cloned gene under the control of the alcohol oxidase promoter in a beta-hexosaminidase A-producing yeast strain. Structural analysis of pyridylamine-labeled N-glycans by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that the overexpression of MNN4 caused a 3-fold increase in phosphorylated N-glycans of recombinant beta-hexosaminidase A. The recombinant enzyme prepared from strains overexpressing OmMNN4 was more effectively incorporated into cultured fibroblasts and neural cells, and it more rapidly degraded the accumulated GM2-ganglioside as compared to the control enzyme. These results suggest that beta-hexosaminidase A produced in a strain that overexpresses OmMNN4 will act as an effective enzyme for use in replacement therapy of GM2-gangliosidosis.

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Mucin-type O-glycans are the most typical O-glycans found in mammalian cells and assume many different biological roles. Here, we report a genetic engineered yeast strain capable of producing mucin-type sugar chains. Genes encoding Bacillus subtilis UDP-Gal/GalNAc 4-epimerase, human UDP-Gal/GalNAc transporter, human ppGalNAc-T1, and Drosophila melanogaster core1 beta1-3 GalT were introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The engineered yeast was able to produce a MUC1a peptide containing O-glycan and also a mucin-like glycoprotein, human podoplanin (hPod; also known as aggrus), which is a platelet-aggregating factor that requires a sialyl-core1 structure for activity. After in vitro sialylation, hPod from yeast could induce platelet aggregation. Interestingly, substitution of ppGalNAc-T1 for ppGalNAc-T3 caused a loss of platelet aggregation-inducing activity, despite the fact that the sialyl-core1 was detectable in both hPod proteins on a lectin microarray. Most of O-mannosylation, a common modification in yeast, to MUC1a was suppressed by the addition of a rhodanine-3-acetic acid derivative in the culture medium. The yeast system we describe here is able to produce glycoproteins modified at different glycosylation sites and has the potential for use in basic research and pharmaceutical applications.

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Human beta-hexosaminidase A (HexA) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein composed of alpha- and beta-subunits that degrades GM2 gangliosides in lysosomes. GM2 gangliosidosis is a lysosomal storage disease in which an inherited deficiency of HexA causes the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides. In order to prepare a large amount of HexA for a treatment based on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), recombinant HexA was produced in the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea minuta instead of in mammalian cells, which are commonly used to produce recombinant enzymes for ERT. The problem of antigenicity due to differences in N-glycan structures between mammalian and yeast glycoproteins was potentially resolved by using alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase-deficient (och1Delta) yeast as the host. Genes encoding the alpha- and beta-subunits of HexA were integrated into the yeast cell, and the heterodimer was expressed together with its isozymes HexS (alphaalpha) and HexB (betabeta). A total of 57 mg of beta-hexosaminidase isozymes, of which 13 mg was HexA (alphabeta), was produced per liter of medium. HexA was purified with immobilized metal affinity column for the His tag attached to the beta-subunit. The purified HexA was treated with alpha-mannosidase to expose mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) residues on the N-glycans. The specific activities of HexA and M6P-exposed HexA (M6PHexA) for the artificial substrate 4MU-GlcNAc were 1.2 +/- 0.1 and 1.7 +/- 0.3 mmol/h/mg, respectively. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern suggested a C-terminal truncation in the beta-subunit of the recombinant protein. M6PHexA was incorporated dose dependently into GM2 gangliosidosis patient-derived fibroblasts via M6P receptors on the cell surface, and degradation of accumulated GM2 ganglioside was observed.

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This study provided answers to fundamental questions on mammalian mitochondrial genetics: Could respiratory function in mitochondria be maintained by their exchange of genetic contents even when mutations were created within the same genes in different mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules? Using cell fusion techniques, we created a chance to coexist two types of respiration-deficient syn(-) mitochondria carrying different mtDNA mutations within the same tRNA(Leu(UUR)) gene obtained from patients with mitochondrial diseases. The results showed that two syn(-) mitochondria exchanged their genetic contents, but did not restore respiration defects, suggesting that mitochondrial interaction could not complement the mutations created within the same gene in different mtDNA molecules.

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