Asunto(s)
Adaptación Biológica , Medicina Aeroespacial , Pruebas Hematológicas , Gravitación , Hematología/métodos , HumanosAsunto(s)
Inclinación de Cabeza/fisiología , Hipocinesia/sangre , Hierro/sangre , Adulto , Complemento C1q/análisis , Complemento C1q/metabolismo , Complemento C3/análisis , Complemento C3/metabolismo , Eritrocitos/inmunología , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunoglobulinas/sangre , Masculino , Valores de Referencia , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
In the nearly 15-month mission aboard MIR the cosmonaut-physician and members of three crews (MIR-15, -16, and -17) carried out a program of hematological investigations. Most of the changes related to the red blood system and included reduction in hemoglobin and hematocrit. Erythrocytes had decreased concentration and took on abnormal forms. There were also signs of altered metabolism of erythrocytes. Of interest are phase-by-phase variations in the levels of erythrocytes in the course of long-term stay in microgravity, and absence of a convincing correlation between hemoglobin, erythrocyte and hematocrit levels. But for lymphocytosis that returned to the norm already on the first day of recovery, no material changes occurred to the leukocyte profile. Investigations at the landing site displayed erythropenia, decreased reticulocytes and ensuing reticulocyte reaction, and gradual regain of the erythrocyte number that can be viewed as a normal physiological reaction of the blood system to the set of factors of spaceflight and early readaptation. Besides, the investigations showed a large individually of blood reactions to prolonged stay in space flight.
Asunto(s)
Índices de Eritrocitos/fisiología , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Vuelo Espacial , Ingravidez , Adaptación Fisiológica/fisiología , Medicina Aeroespacial , Astronautas , Recuento de Eritrocitos , Membrana Eritrocítica/metabolismo , Membrana Eritrocítica/ultraestructura , Eritrocitos/ultraestructura , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hematócrito , Humanos , Leucocitos/citología , MasculinoRESUMEN
Investigations of cosmonauts' peripheral red blood prior to and on days 1, 7 and 14 post long-term MIR-19 and -20 missions dealt with the morphological composition of blood, indices of iron exchange, correlation of erythrocyte shapes, and the lipid and phospholipid profiles of the erythrocyte membrane. To this avail, methods of light electron microscopy, radioimmune analysis, and thin-layer microscopy were used. Among the unidirectional shifts in the crewmembers of these missions were changes in ion exchange indices and the lipid and phospholipid profiles of erythrocyte membrane which were indicative of increased microviscosity of the lipid layer. Number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin content were reduced; transformed erythrocytes were present. It was also discovered that the fraction of normal erythrocytes (diskocytes) was partially replaced by spherocytes, cnisocytes in flight and typically by echinocytosis post flight. By and large, the observed shifts do not have any clinical implications and are most likely the blood system reaction to the stress of readaptation to the terrestrial conditions.
Asunto(s)
Eritrocitos/fisiología , Vuelo Espacial , Astronautas , Eritrocitos/química , Eritrocitos/ultraestructura , Humanos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Metabolism and structural/functional status of membrane of blood cells (erythrocytes, lymphocytes) were investigated in human subjects during simulation of MIR environment and operations, and postflight activities. Homeostasis of the blood count cells was assessed by the parameters of intercellular metabolism. Histochemical technique was used to evaluate the activity of mitochondrial enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerphosphate dehydrogenase in lymphocytes. State of the erythrocyte membrane was judged about by the lipid and phospholipid spectra, activity of transport ATPase and shape of erythrocytes were determined with the electronscan microscopy. Adaptational shifts in erythrocyte metabolism were particularly marked on days 22 and 113 in the experiment, and day 1 of recovery. They appear to be associated with alterations on the membrane level. Therefore, simulation of a long-term MIR mission produces changes in cellular metabolism and status of cellular membranes concurrent to the readjustment of body controls due to, probably, shifts in the sympathoadrenal system. Destabilization of the cellular membrane could be also linked with plasmic factors, e.g. increases in bile acids, lysolecithin, Ca ions, etc., in consequence to changes in lipid metabolism and electrolyte status.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica/fisiología , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Homeostasis/fisiología , Líquido Intracelular/metabolismo , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas , Membrana Eritrocítica/metabolismo , Membrana Eritrocítica/ultraestructura , Eritrocitos/citología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Linfocitos/citología , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/ultraestructura , Restricción Física , Vuelo Espacial , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The purpose of the present study was to perform comprehensive hematological investigations of females in a 120-day head-down (-5 degrees) bed rest and in the period of recovery. Morphometric, cytochemical parameters of erythrocytes and lymphocytes, erythropoietic activity and turnover of iron were analyzed in 8 female subjects assigned into two groups of 4. In group A, countermeasures were applied throughout the experiment; in group B, they were used only in the recovery period. Shifts observed in a number of parameters of the turnover of iron and morphometry of the blood cells are most likely adaptive by nature and demonstrate the reaction of blood to the hypokinesia and recovery factors.
Asunto(s)
Eritrocitos/fisiología , Eritropoyesis/fisiología , Inclinación de Cabeza/fisiología , Hipocinesia/sangre , Linfocitos/fisiología , Adulto , Medicina Aeroespacial , Reposo en Cama/métodos , Eritrocitos/citología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Hierro/metabolismo , Linfocitos/citología , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
Study of changes coursing in the body under conditions of a space flight are particularly important now, when the duration of missions has increased and the effects of all flight factors on the operator activity of crew members should be taken into consideration. Dynamic study of these processes is possible only in weightlessness simulation experiments on the Earth. Morphometric parameters of peripheral blood lymphocytes under conditions of 120-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia were studied. The detected adaptation changes in lymphocytes indicate that these cells can sufficiently rapidly react to the said exposure. Apparently, it is the adaptation changes we observe both in antiorthostatic hypokinesia and after long space flights.