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INTRODUCTION: Both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection play an increasingly important role in liver diseases. The main objective of this study was to investigate the socio-epidemiological, laboratory and radiological aspects of both HBV and HDV infection near the Iranian border of Turkey. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 3352 patients with HBV and HDV infection. Socioepidemiological, laboratory and radiological aspects of the study subjects were retrospectively examined. Comorbid metabolic diseases were not assessed due to the retrospective design of the study. RESULTS: Most of the study subjects were HBe antigen negative. No significant difference in terms of HBV-DNA levels or HBe antigen seropositivity was detected between the city centre and rural areas (p > 0.005). The mean HBV-DNA level in the anti-HDV-positive group was significantly lower than in the anti-HDV-negative group (p < 0.001). The rate of HDV-RNA positivity in women was higher than in their male counterparts (p = 0.017). Anti-HDV-IgG was detected in 18.4% of tested subjects who came from an urban area. In contrast, 12.5% of subjects of the rural group had a positive result for anti-HDV-IgG. Among 134 ultrasonographically evaluated delta hepatitis patients, 37.3% had liver cirrhosis. On the other hand, in 1244 patients with hepatitis B monoinfection, there were 90 patients with liver cirrhosis. Radiologically, the rate of hepatic steatosis in delta hepatitis patients was lower than in those with HBV monoinfection. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis D virus infection was particularly prevalent among the urban population as well as in female subjects. More broadly, the current observations are the first to suggest an inverse correlation between delta hepatitis and ultrasonography-proven hepatic steatosis.

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The ingestion of a foreign body (FB) is a potentially serious condition. In children, the most common years for FB ingestion are from the age of 6 months to 6 years. FB ingestion also occurs in those with psychiatric disorders or mental retardation and among adult prisoners and alcoholics. Most ingested FBs spontaneously pass out of the body via the gastrointestinal system. An endoscopic or surgical approach is only needed if the object fails to progress through the gastrointestinal tract. All objects impacted in the oesophagus require urgent treatment. This study reports a case of multiple FB ingestion and provides a literature review.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess physical and psycho-social problems faced by health professionals, and to analyse the ethical, legal and triage dimensions of disaster medical services. METHODS: The descriptive study was conducted from November 2011 to March 2012 and comprised health professionals from two hospitals of Van, Turkey A specific questionnaire was designed and interviews were conducted face to face. SPSS 13 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 430 health professionals who had experienced one or more earthquakes and were part of the study, 225(52.3%) were nurses and 205(47.7%) were doctors. There were 224(52%) women and 206(48%) men. Besides, 206(48) were below 31 years of age. Overall, 193(44.9%) participants experienced chaos, 83(19.3%) panic and fear, and 129(30%) despair. Only 20(4.7%) of them lived at home, while others lived in tents, containers, hospitals or cars during the emergency and continued to provide services despite social, economic and psychological problems. Triage was preferred by 339(78.8%) of the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Problems of health professionals were multi-dimensional and addressing them would make service delivery more effective.

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BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is well believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke. Reports on antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with stroke are conflicting. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate serum antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke within 1st, 5th, and 21st day after stroke onset and also the relationship between these results and the clinical status of patients. METHODS: The current study comprised 45 patients with acute ischemic stroke and 30 healthy controls. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase activities were measured spectrophotometrically. RESULTS: Serum MDA levels were significantly higher in acute ischemic stroke patients within 24 h after stroke onset than controls (p < 0.05), whereas serum catalase activity was significantly lower (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in GSH-Px and SOD activities. Serum catalase and SOD activities were significantly lower in fifth day than those of controls (both, p < 0.05) but GSH-Px activity and MDA levels did not change (p > 0.05). Serum SOD activity was significantly lower in 21st day compared to SOD activity of controls (p < 0.05) but MDA levels, GSH-Px, and CAT activities did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that acute ischemic stroke patients have increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant enzymes activities. These findings indicated that an imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant status might play a role in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and determinants of acute pancreatitis in patients with acute brucellosis. METHODS: Adult patients with brucellosis were retrospectively recruited. Brucellosis and acute pancreatitis were diagnosed according to standard criteria. Laboratory analyses included Wright agglutination titre, serum biochemical parameters and blood count. RESULTS: Patients with acute pancreatitis (n = 21) had significantly higher Wright agglutination titres, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, amylase, lipase and serum glucose concentrations, and significantly lower haemoglobin concentrations and haematocrit than patients with brucellosis alone (n = 326). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycaemia, anaemia, and liver transaminase and cholestatic enzyme concentrations may represent new approaches for assessing disease severity in patients with brucellosis and acute pancreatitis.

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The purpose of this study is to identify the impacts of major disasters, on the basis of the Van earthquake (October 23, 2011, Turkey), on the profile of the injuries due to occupational accidents. In this study, we evaluated 245 patients of occupational accidents who were admitted to emergency services of Van city hospitals in the 1-year periods including pre-earthquake and post-earthquake. We determined that there was a 63.4% (P < 0.05) increase in work-related accidents in the post-earthquake period compared to the pre-earthquake period. Also, injuries due to occupational accidents increased 211% (P < 0.05) in the construction industry, the rate of injuries due to falls from height increased 168% (P < 0.05), and the rate of traumas to the head and upper limbs increased 200% (P < 0.05) and 130% (P < 0.05), respectively, in the post-earthquake period compared to the pre-earthquake period. We determined that the ignoring of measures for occupational health and safety by employers and employees during conducted rapid construction activities and post-earthquake restoration works in order to remove the effects of the earthquake increased the number of work accidents. In this study, the impact of disasters such as earthquakes on the accidents at work was evaluated as we have not seen in literature. This study emphasizes that governments should make regulations and process relating to the post-disaster business before the emergence of disaster by taking into account factors that may increase their work-related accidents.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the levels of trace elements and heavy metal in patients with acute migraine and healthy controls. METHODS: The prospective study was conducted at Yuzuncu Yil University, Turkey, from May to July 2013, and comprised migraine patients and an equal number of healthy controls. International Headache Society classification was used for diagnosing migraine. Serum copper, zinc, lead, iron, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, and magnesium levels were measured in both groups. Metal concentrations were assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. SPSS 13 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There were 25 migraine patients with an average age of 36.4±8.9 years and 25 healthy controls with a mean age of 42.4±9.5 years. Cadmium, iron, manganese and lead levels were significantly elevated in the patients compared to the controls (p<0.05 each), while copper, magnesium and zinc were decreased and cobalt demonstrated no change. CONCLUSIONS: Trace elements and heavy metals may have a role in the genesis of considerable oxidative stress in patients with acute migraine headache.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate adult measles patients with respect to their clinical and laboratory findings as well as complications. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at YuzuncuYil University, Van, Turkey, between December 2012 and June 2013, and comprised cases diagnosed with measles. The diagnosis was based on clinical findings and all were serologically confirmed with the presence of Anti-measles Immunoglobulin M antibodies. RESULTS: Of the 50 records studied, 41(84%) related to women. Overall mean age was 25.52±4.07 years. The most common symptoms were fever and rash 50(100%), malaise 49(98%), cough 48(96%), headache 44(88%) and sore throat 36(72%). The presence of Koplik spots, lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly were observed in 3(6%), 6(12%) and 2(4%) patients respectively. Thrombocytopenia and elevated liver enzymes were detected in 26(52%) and 22(44%)patients. Pneumonia was the most common complication in 9(18%) patients. Other respiratory complications were bronchitis 5(10%) and laryngotracheitis 6(12%). Of the cases, 9(18%) exhibited otitis media. Premature delivery and spontaneous abortus occurred in 2(4%) and 3(6%) patients of the 15(30%) pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Measles continues to be an important health problem in Turkey and needs an effective elimination programme.

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AIM: To obtain the opinions of health professionals' who work in emergency medical services on the application of basic attitudes like triage,ethics, legal rules; to popularize problems they have encountered or may experience while giving health services after natural disasters; and to develop further suggestions. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In order to evaluate health service problems, laws, triage and ethics applications, a questionnaire tool was formulated. The poll that was taken included 133 emergency service workers, with and without earthquake experiences. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with statistical significance set at p<0.001. The frequency distributions taken into account and chi square test were applied to understand the difference between the employees who experienced an earthquake and the employees who did not. FINDINGS: 57.7% of participants in the survey were males and 42.3% females. Their average age was 29.8 %. 16.8% of them worked in the university hospital, 77.4 % in a state hospital and 5.8% in private hospitals. 51.1% of the participants were doctors, 43.1% nurses and 5.8% emergency medical technicians. 48.2% of the participants had experienced earthquakes, 52.6% had not. 27% of them were consulted on triage, 372% on both triage and legal rules, 31.4% on triage, laws and ethics and 4.4% on triage and ethical principles. CONCLUSION: Results show that while ethical principles are less considered in medical services after natural disasters, triage and legal regulations play an essential role in resource allocation and medical service presentation. The results show that the inclusion of ethical training in natural disaster medicine education and its enhancement through regular rehearsals is essential.

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OBJECTIVE: Various studies have shown that a number of infectious disease causes syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). However, the relationship between infectious disease and SIADH is not yet fully known. In this prospective study, we aimed to assess the presence of SIADH in patients with brucellosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients with acute brucellosis were retrospectively reviewed. The diagnosis of brucellosis was performed using the Wright test in connection with blood culture. SIADH was defined by euvolemic hyponatremia (serum sodium level lower than 135 mEq/l) with increased urinary sodium excretion (urinary sodium higher than 40 mmol/l). RESULTS: Of the 35 patients, 19 (54%) had SIADH; 20 (57%) also had hypouricemia (uric acid level lower than 4 mg/dl). Additionally, all of the studied patients had a high mean urinary sodium excretion rate (mean 132 mmol/l; range 40-224). Most importantly, the hyponatremic patients were more likely to have a lower albumin level (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: SIADH is a major complication of brucellosis. The presence of SIADH could be a diagnostic tool for diagnosing brucellosis. Further larger randomized studies may confirm these findings.

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Various drugs are known to cause pill esophagitis. Antimicrobial drugs and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most common causes of pill-induced esophagitis. Most patients suffer only self-limiting pain, but serious complications can occur. A 21-year-old man was admitted to our outpatient clinic with retrosternal chest pain, dysphagia, and odynophagia complaints, which occurred within 2 weeks after starting dexketoprofen trometamol. An upper endoscopy system examination revealed three well-demarcated ulcers in the esophagus at 35 cm from the incisors. Dexketoprofen trometamol may cause esophageal lesions. This rare disorder should be considered in patients presenting with sudden-onset retrosternal pain in addition to dysphagia and odynophagia.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the etiological and demographical characteristics of acute adult poisoning cases in eastern Turkey. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at the Emergency Department of Yuzuncu Yil University, School of Medicine, and comprised data related to the period between 2007 and 2009. The data obtained included age, gender, referrals, manner of poisoning, manner of application, the department which followed up on the patients, duration of hospital stay. All data was noted on proforma. SPSS 15 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the total cases visiting the Emergency Department, 1207 (1.1%) related to poisoning. Of them, 880 (72.9%) had attempted suicide; 858 (71.1%) were female; 349 (29%) were male. The average age of the females was 25.4 +/- 8.5 years, and that of the males 28.3 +/- 14.3 years. Single-medicine was noted in poisoning 544 (45.1%) patients. Other poisoning types were multidrugs 373 (30.9%); rat poisoning, insecticide and pesticides, 145 (12%); corrosives 38 (3.1%); and weed, mushroomang; food 47 (3.8%). Oral poisoning was noted in 1141 (94.5%) cases. A total of 1019 (84.4%) patients received treatment and were followed up in the Emergency Department. Six (0.6%) patients died. CONCLUSION: There is a need to generate more awareness about the hazards of domestic cleaning products and to keep it away at some distinct place to minimised chances of confusion.

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Craniospinal penetrating foreign body (FB) injuries are interesting, but rarely observed, cases. They are important in terms of the complications that they may cause. The etiologies of craniospinal penetrating injuries and intracranial FB are also different. Though a sewing needle is more rarely seen in an intracranial FB, it may occur as atttempted infanticide or as a result of an accident especially in early childhood before the closure of fontanels. We detected an intracranial sewing needle in the head radiograph of a case admitted to the emergency department for another reason. We present this case since this is a rare injury and the etiologies of craniospinal penetrating foreign body have different characteristics.

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Tuberculous peritonitis is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity particularly in the developing world. Delay in initiation of treatment distinctively increases mortality. Treatment response to anti-tuberculosis drugs is usually observed by regression of symptoms and clearance of ascites. With initiation of treatment, laboratory values including CA-125 levels generally return to normal levels in 3 months. However, there is still no consensus about treatment response during the follow-up period. Serum D-dimer level is used as an inflammation marker in some cases. A case with Tuberculous peritonitis successfully monitorised by serum D-dimer levels is presented.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of electroencephalography in patients with altered mental status in emergency departments. METHODS: Demographical characteristics, types and aetiologies of seizures, and clinical outcomes of the patients were recorded. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to the complaints of admission: findings and symptoms of seizure; stroke and symptoms of stroke-related seizures; syncope; and metabolic abnormalities and other causes of altered mental status. The electroencephalography findings were classified into 3 groups: epileptiform discharges; paroxysmal electroencephalography abnormalities; and background slowing. Electroencephalography abnormalities in each subgroup were evaluated. SPSS 21 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the total 190 patients in the study, 117 (61.6%) had pathological electroencephalography findings. The main reason for electroencephalography in the emergency department was the presence of seizure findings and symptoms in 98 (51.6%) patients. The ratio of electroencephalography abnormality was higher in patients who were admitted with complaints of metabolic abnormality-related consciousness disturbances (p < 0.001). A total of 124 (65.3%) patients had neuroimagings. Electroencephalography abnormalities were found to be significantly higher in patients with neuroimagings compared to those without neuroimagings (p < 0.003). CONCLUSION: Despite advanced neuroimaging techniques, electroencephalography is still an important tool in the differential diagnosis of altered mental status such as epileptic seizures, metabolic abnormalities, pseudo-seizures and syncope.

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Hot tar burns are still a challenging clinical form because the removal of tar is very difficult for the emergency physician and there is no specified appropriate agent for the removal of tar. In this study, two patients with hot tar burns who were treated with diesel, sunflower oil and mayonnaise are presented.

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BACKGROUND: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity has been discovered in several inflammatory conditions; however, there are no data associated with cutaneous anthrax. The aim of this study was to investigate serum ADA activity in patients with cutaneous anthrax. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen patients with cutaneous anthrax and 17 healthy controls were enrolled. We measured ADA activity; peripheral blood leukocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts; erythrocyte sedimentation rate; and C reactive protein levels. RESULTS: Serum ADA activity was significantly higher in patients with cutaneous anthrax than in the controls (p<0.001). A positive correlation was observed between ADA activity and lymphocyte counts (r=0.589, p=0.021) in the patient group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that serum ADA could be used as a biochemical marker in cutaneous anthrax.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Tuberculous peritonitis (TP) is a rare form of tuberculosis and is caused by peritoneal involvement with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A distinctive correlation exists between socioeconomic state and disease prevalence. We aimed to evaluate the clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings of patients with TP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study in patients with peritoneal tuberculosis from January 2004 to October 2008 at Yuzuncu Yil University Medical School Education and Research Hospital. During this time, the data of 21 patients (17 females) with TP were reviewed. RESULTS: Fever, abdominal pain, and anorexia were the most common symptoms. An analysis of ascites showed lymphocyte predominance and low albumin gradient in all patients. Patients with TP had a median ascites adenosine deaminase (ADA) level of 139 U/L (range, 25 to 303U/L). Peritoneal involvement (wet peritonitis) was seen in all the cases. Following 6-month administration of combined anti-TBC treatment, mean serum CA-125 levels were within the normal range among patients who had previously higher serum CA-125 level. Mortality rate in the total cases was 4.6%. CONCLUSION: Peritoneal tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of exudative ascites in eastern Turkey. A high level of suspicion is required, especially in high-risk populations living in rural areas. ADA seems to be a sufficient, safe, and inexpensive method to perform the diagnosis of peritoneal tuberculosis. Serum CA-125 levels may play a key role to support the diagnosis as well as disease management of TP.

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Alveolar echinococcosis of the liver is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) is a hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction and involves abdominal pain, hepatomegaly and high-gradient ascites. A low-gradient ascites in connection with the syndrome rarely occurs in case of alveolar echinococcosis of the liver. Here we report a 20-year-old man with the syndrome and low-gradient ascites due to a huge liver mass. Further diagnostic examination revealed alveolar echinococcosis of the liver. Diuretic agents and albendazole were used as palliative therapy in the case.

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OBJECTIVE: To exmaine the distribution of age, gender, time between onset and presentation, clinical findings, predisposing factors, platelet distribution width, mean platelet volume values and neuroimaging findings, together with the treatment regime and the outcome for patients of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. METHODS: The retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Yuzuncu Yil University, Medical Faculty Hospital in Van, Turkey, comprising 51 cases diagnosed with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis between January 2008 and September 2011. The diagnosis was based on the results of clinical evaluation, cranial magnetic resonance imaging and venography. SPSS 16 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 43 (84.3%) of the cases were female, and 8 (15.7%) were male.The average age was 32 +/- 11.13 years The most frequent symptom was headache in 41 (80.4%) cases. The postpartum period was one of the most observed predisposing factors in 17 (33.3%) patients. The magnetic resonance imaging was normal in 35 (68.6%) cases, but in all of the cases, magnetic resonance venography was abnormal. Topographically, the most frequent involvement was transverse sinus in 40 (78.4%) cases. Besides, 50 (98%) patients were discharged following full recovery or mild sequela and only 1 (2%) case had severe sequela. CONCLUSION: Patients presenting with headache should be examined carefully in the emergency department. Early diagnosis and treatment with clinical and neuroimaging techniques for such patients is recommended.

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