RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To compare outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation of displaced mandible fractures followed by either immediate mobilization or 2 weeks of mandibular-maxillary fixation. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, single-blinded study was performed. METHODS: The study was performed between January 1, 1997, and March 30, 2000. Inclusion criteria were displaced fractures between the mandibular angles, age greater than 16 years, and no involvement of the alveolus, ramus, condyles, or maxilla. All fractures were repaired by means of open reduction and internal fixation using 2.0-mm titanium plates secured either in transoral fashion or percutaneously. Data were collected at 6-week and 3- and 6-month postoperative examinations. Variables were assessed by a surgeon blinded to the history of immobilization and included pain, malunion or nonunion, occlusion, trismus, wound status, infection rates, dental hygiene, and weight loss. Twenty-nine consecutive patients were enrolled, 16 patients to immediate function and 13 patients to 2 weeks of mandibular-maxillary fixation. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between groups for any of the variables. Immediate release and temporary immobilization showed mean weight loss of 10 and 8 pounds and trismus of 4.2 and 4.6 cm, respectively. One wound separation and one infection were seen in the immobilization population, and no wound separation or infection was seen in the immediate-release group. Dental hygiene was similar between the groups. No malunion or nonunion was noted in either group. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective and randomized study, no significant differences were noted between the groups receiving either immediate release or 2 weeks of mandibular-maxillary fixation. The findings support the treatment of selective mandible fractures with 2.0-mm miniplates and immediate mobilization.
Asunto(s)
Placas Óseas/normas , Ambulación Precoz/instrumentación , Ambulación Precoz/métodos , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/instrumentación , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/métodos , Inmovilización , Fracturas Mandibulares/cirugía , Maxilar/cirugía , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Hilos Ortopédicos , Oclusión Dental , Diseño de Equipo , Femenino , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/efectos adversos , Curación de Fractura , Fracturas Mal Unidas/etiología , Fracturas no Consolidadas/etiología , Humanos , Inmovilización/efectos adversos , Masculino , Fracturas Mandibulares/diagnóstico por imagen , Higiene Bucal , Dolor Postoperatorio/diagnóstico , Dolor Postoperatorio/etiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Radiografía , Método Simple Ciego , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Pérdida de PesoRESUMEN
Prior studies have shown that macrophages are recruited to sites of injury or infection in the sensory organs of the inner ear, but the effects of macrophages and their cytokine secretory products on the sensory structures of the ear are not known. In the present study, cultures of dissociated statoacoustic neurons were incubated with selected macrophage secretary products and the numbers of surviving neurons after 48 h in vitro were quantified. Results indicate that two macrophage secretary products, interleukin 1 and fibroblast growth factor 2, can enhance the survival of statoacoustic neurons, while another cytokine, tumour necrosis factor-alpha can diminish the survival of those neurons. Also, numerous macrophages were present in both cytokine-treated and control cultures. The findings suggest that macrophages may influence the survival of the sensory neurons of the inner ear.
Asunto(s)
Pollos/fisiología , Macrófagos/fisiología , Neuronas Aferentes/fisiología , Fosfatasa Ácida/metabolismo , Animales , Supervivencia Celular/fisiología , Células Cultivadas , Factor 2 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/farmacología , Ganglios Sensoriales/citología , Ganglios Sensoriales/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunohistoquímica , Interleucina-1/farmacología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Participants in a longitudinal cohort study (the National Child Development Study) were asked, at the age of 23, about their smoking habits and asthmatic experiences since 16 years of age. Of the total sample (n = 8860) 10.8% reported smoking cigarettes, and the percentages were very similar in the two sexes although males tended to be heavier smokers. There was an association between asthma and smoking; more than expected of those reported as having asthma at any age had smoked, and of those with asthma since 16 years of age more reported smoking than expected by chance. In addition, all who report asthma at any time since the age of 16 are overrepresented among those who report current smoking (p < 0.001). Those reporting asthma since 16 are more likely to be living with others who smoke, and their spouses or partners were more likely to be heavy smokers (30+ cigarettes per day). In addition, in more than the expected number of homes where asthmatics live, there are others who smoke (p < 0.003).
Asunto(s)
Asma/epidemiología , Fumar/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Adulto , Asma/etiología , Asma/fisiopatología , Peso al Nacer , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Prevalencia , Fumar/efectos adversos , Fumar/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
A highly polished composite restoration is necessary to help promote a plaque-free environment. In this study the polishability of four hybrid composites (Pertac, APH, Herculite, and Z100) was compared after finishing and polishing with the Caulk Enhance polishing kit, Kerr composite finishing kit, and the ESPE MFS/MPS polishing kit. Profilometric evaluation revealed that the MFS/MPS polishing system gave a superior polish for Z100, Herculite, and Pertac; the Enhance polishing system demonstrated the poorest polish with all four composites tested. There were no significant differences among the four composites when polished with each of the three polishing systems.
Asunto(s)
Resinas Compuestas/química , Pulido Dental/métodos , Cementos de Resina , Análisis de Varianza , Bisfenol A Glicidil Metacrilato/química , Pulido Dental/instrumentación , Restauración Dental Permanente , Ensayo de Materiales , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Dióxido de Silicio/química , Propiedades de Superficie , Circonio/químicaRESUMEN
In this study, the effectiveness of Professional Lysol (PL) disinfectant in both its spray and solution forms was evaluated as a surface disinfectant for irreversible hydrocolloid (IH) impressions. Sixteen impressions of a typodont were made with IH, immersed in a microbial broth, and then rinsed in running tap water. The impressions were then treated as follows: four were immersed in PL for 2.5 minutes; four were sprayed by PL and stored for 10 minutes; four were immersed in 2% glutaraldehyde for 10 minutes; four were untreated. Pretest plates showed an average of 421 colonies per plate (c/p). The glutaraldehyde group showed 0.00 c/p. The PL spray group showed 1.75 c/p. The PL immersion group showed 19.00 c/p and showed evidence of surface deterioration in the IH. The untreated group showed 426.25 c/p.
Asunto(s)
Coloides , Cresoles , Materiales de Impresión Dental , Desinfectantes , Aerosoles , Análisis de Varianza , Bacterias , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Desinfección , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Compuestos Orgánicos , SolucionesRESUMEN
PIP: Researchers analyzed data from the National Child Development Study--a cohort of every child born in England, Scotland, and Wales during the 1st week of March 1953 with follow up studies in 1965, 1969, 1973, and 1980-1981 to examine the relationship between health status and birth order and whether children with low birth orders were less likely to experience illness than those with older siblings. 1st born children tended to have received the needed number of immunizations, but children of higher birth order did not tend to have received them. Further they were more likely to have attended infant welfare and toddler clinics for health care than children of higher birth order. The only childhood contagious disease which demonstrated a social class effect was pertussis. It tended to afflict children from nonmanual homes regardless of birth order. Absences from school lasting between 1 week-1 month of 1st born children were less frequent than for other children. The leading reasons for 1st, 3rd, and later born 11 year old children who experienced such long absences included infectious diseases; bronchitis; ear, nose, and throat complaints; pneumonia; tonsillitis, or viral influenza. After age 15, 1st and 2nd born children were less likely to be absent and, if absent, they tended to only miss 1 week of school. Significantly more 3rd and 4th born children were absent from school for 1 week-3 months. 1st and 2nd born children from more affluent families tended to have early childhood asthma. In conclusion, the health experiences of the later birth orders were different than those of the 1st born. This did not mean, however, that later birth order children were in poorer health than 1st born children.^ieng
Asunto(s)
Orden de Nacimiento , Desarrollo Infantil , Estado de Salud , Vigilancia de la Población , Absentismo , Preescolar , Análisis Discriminante , Composición Familiar , Humanos , Inmunización , Lactante , Clase Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
Using data from a longitudinal study of a national sample of British children, it is shown that mother's age and experience with child rearing are related to the attention paid to the child's health. Younger mothers, whose children are usually the first born, tend to be more concerned with health care facility use than are older mothers of children born subsequently. Younger mothers more often take their child to infant and toddler clinics, and are more likely to have their child immunized against the most threatening of childhood diseases. It is also the younger mothers who more often seek medical care for their children in addition to that provided in the infant and toddler clinics, more often have their child in hospital overnight, and more often report the child to be sickly (less healthy) than do older mothers with several children.
PIP: Anthropologists analyzed longitudinal data from the National Child Development Study on 18,559 people born in England, Wales, and Scotland between March 1958 and 1982 to determine whether social factors influence child development and to examine the effect of maternal age and child rearing on child health. A child whose mother was among the youngest mothers and had either no other or just 1 older child was more likely to be regularly taken to a child health clinic than a higher birth order child born to an older mother (= or 25 years) (p .001). A younger mother who had no other or just 1 child tended to have her child immunized against the preventable childhood diseases (p . 001), particularly small pox immunization. The children of mothers of about average age were more likely to suffer from rubella, chicken pox, measles, and mumps than those of younger and older mothers (p .001). Younger mothers were also more likely to say their children were unhealthy than older mothers with many children. These findings suggested that mother's age and birth order did indeed affect health status.
Asunto(s)
Orden de Nacimiento , Protección a la Infancia , Edad Materna , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Servicios de Salud del Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunización , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Estudios Longitudinales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
This article examines the hypothesis that children with long-term (continuing) asthma attacks are more likely to suffer from allergy-related conditions such as eczema and hayfever than are children who suffer for only a short period of time. The analyses were based on a large British national cohort of children who were studied from birth to 16 years of age. The findings provide evidence in support of the "allergic" model since those with short duration asthma report less eczema, hayfever, and sneezing than do those with long-standing asthma. Short-term asthmatics also report fewer occurrences of bronchitis, pneumonia, and chest infections than those with continuing asthma. These differences suggest that there are underlying etiological differences in children suffering from short- and long-term asthma.
Asunto(s)
Asma/epidemiología , Adolescente , Asma/complicaciones , Niño , Estudios de Cohortes , Análisis Discriminante , Eccema/complicaciones , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Prevalencia , Pronóstico , Rinitis Alérgica Estacional/complicaciones , Factores de Riesgo , Enfermedades de la Piel/complicaciones , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Measurements of 133 adult offspring of exogamous matings and of 347 adult offspring of endogamous matings in a Mexican community were standardized for sex and prior international migration. The offspring of the exogamous matings were larger than those of the endogamous matings in 3 of 26 anthropometric dimensions. The probability of 3 or more in 26 dimensions at the 0.05 level is p = 0.14, not statistically significant. Comparisons of offspring of exogamous and endogamous unions in populations of this kind do not consistently provide evidence of heterosis.
Asunto(s)
Antropometría , Consanguinidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMEN
As the participants in the 1958 National Child Development Study cohort enter adulthood most of the social factors associated with onset of asthma are no longer relevant, but many of the biological factors continue to be important. There is a continuing association at age 23 between eczema, hayfever and similar allergic reactions and continuing asthma, while the earlier associated social factors including non-manual occupations, home ownership, and lack of crowding within the home or sharing of the bedroom with others in the household cease to have significant effects. Smoking patterns in this age group diverge sharply from what might be expected in those with a serious respiratory affliction: significantly more asthmatics smoke than would be expected at random.
Asunto(s)
Asma/etiología , Indicadores de Salud , Condiciones Sociales , Adulto , Asma/psicología , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
This study examined the epidemiological aspects of asthma and wheezy bronchitis at 16 years of age in children of a large British National cohort previously studied at the time of birth and when they were 7 and 11. It confirmed, for age 16, the steady decline in numbers of children suffering from asthma or wheezy bronchitis previously seen between ages 7 and 11. Significantly more boys than girls continued to report having these ailments. At age 16, children with asthma were more likely than those without to suffer from such allergy-related conditions as eczema and to come from homes where the principal wage-earner has a nonmanual job and where both mother and child smoke.
Asunto(s)
Asma/epidemiología , Bronquitis/epidemiología , Hipersensibilidad/complicaciones , Ruidos Respiratorios/epidemiología , Medio Social , Absentismo , Adolescente , Bronquitis/complicaciones , Educación , Vivienda , Humanos , Ruidos Respiratorios/etiología , Caracteres Sexuales , Fumar , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
Average linewidths of methyl and methylene proton resonances of plasma lipoproteins from healthy controls and untreated cancer patients were measured in water-suppressed proton spectra obtained at 400 MHz. In contrast to a previous report (E. T. Fossel, J. M. Carr, and J. McDonagh, N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 1369 (1986] no statistically significant difference (P greater than 0.5) was found between the average linewidths in plasma samples from 20 normal controls (36.0 +/- 6.4 Hz) and 17 untreated cancer patients (34.6 +/- 6.3 Hz). When the effect of lactate was removed by graphical extrapolation, a small but marginally significant (P = 0.08) difference was observed between the average linewidths of the normal controls (35.1 +/- 5.8 Hz) and untreated cancer patients (31.8 +/- 5.2 Hz). However, there was still a large overlap between the two groups. In addition, substantial day to day variations in the linewidths of samples from the same individuals were observed. We conclude that these measurements cannot be used to detect cancer.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , Lipoproteínas/sangre , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Neoplasias/sangre , HumanosRESUMEN
The relationship between biosocial factors and childhood asthma and wheezy bronchitis in a British national sample was examined. At age 11, 3 1/2% of the children in this sample were reported to have suffered from either asthma or asthma-wheezy bronchitis; an additional 8.8% reported wheezy bronchitis without asthma. Significantly more boys than girls had asthma at this age. The presence of asthma and wheezy bronchitis was found to associate with parental occupation, household amenities, and noncrowding in the home, as well as to vary by geographic region. Discriminant analysis showed that it was possible to differentiate between the three groups comprising asthma and wheezy bronchitis, wheezy bronchitis only, and nonsufferers, due mainly to allergy-related factors such as eczema.
Asunto(s)
Asma/epidemiología , Bronquitis/epidemiología , Ruidos Respiratorios/epidemiología , Asma/etiología , Asma/fisiopatología , Bronquitis/complicaciones , Bronquitis/fisiopatología , Niño , Eccema/complicaciones , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ruidos Respiratorios/complicaciones , Ruidos Respiratorios/fisiopatología , Rinitis Alérgica Estacional/complicaciones , Servicios de Salud Escolar , Razón de Masculinidad , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estadística como Asunto , Reino UnidoAsunto(s)
Consanguinidad , Genética de Población , Nombres , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Matrimonio , MéxicoRESUMEN
The relation between biosocial factors and childhood asthma in a British national sample (n = greater than 14 000) is examined. The presence of asthma was found to associate with sex of the child, parental age and occupation, housing type, and overcrowding as well as eczema and some infectious diseases. Discriminant analysis showed that it was possible to differentiate between asthmatics and non-asthmatics due mainly to allergy related factors.
Asunto(s)
Asma/epidemiología , Asma/complicaciones , Lactancia Materna , Niño , Etnicidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Rinitis Alérgica Estacional/complicaciones , Factores Sexuales , Condiciones Sociales , Reino Unido , Tos Ferina/complicacionesAsunto(s)
Demografía , Genética de Población , Nombres , Inglaterra , Humanos , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMEN
We studied 41 aphakic eyes in 30 patients who had been wearing CAB (cellulose acetate butyrate) contact lenses on an extended basis. Patients were 51 to 81 years old and averaged 14.3 months of wearing time. Visual acuity was very good. Pachometry measurements ranged from 0.42 mm to 0.66 mm and averaged 0.550 mm. This compares favorably with data in the literature on corneal thickness seen with routine use of PMMA or hydrogel lenses or with extended wear of hydrogel lenses. Corneal thickness was also compared with unoperated fellow eyes and eyes using CAB lenses on a daily basis only.
Asunto(s)
Afaquia Poscatarata/terapia , Lentes de Contacto , Córnea/anatomía & histología , Anciano , Celulosa/análogos & derivados , Lentes de Contacto/efectos adversos , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The upper part of the Alpine valley of the Varaita (population about 1,596) has three communities situated in a triangle about 6 km on a side but divided into frazioni (clusters of houses) that form a "Y" along the road and river in the valley floor. The coefficient of relationship (Ri) based on the communality of surnames between pairs of frazioni and between pairs of the communities shows very high levels of interrelationship (up to 0.26 compared with 0.5 for brothers). It tends to be higher between frazioni of the same community than between communities. It is highest among five pairs of contiguous frazioni within 1 km of each other. It tends to be highest between frazioni of the community least influenced by tourism and migration. It is not dmonstrably affected by the division of one community into two parishes. It is about twice as high between contiguous communities as between the two communities with an intervening one. The high values represent the long history of the same surnames in the valley and the accumulation of relationship through high levels of valley endogamy.