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This investigation compared pulpal response to threaded pin techniques with response to retentive slot techniques. The teeth were restored with composite resin. Twenty-four teeth were assigned to three treatment groups in one Macaca mulatta monkey. Ten teeth (group 1) received 32 TMS 0.021-inch self-threading pins. Ten teeth (group II) received circumferential slot retention 1 mm deep, 0.5 mm inside the dentinoenamel junction. Four teeth (group III) served as controls. Groups I and II were restored with composite resin. Fourteen days later, the teeth were removed, demineralized, serially sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Chi-square analysis indicated more pulp inflammation when self-threading pins were used (p less than 0.5). Pins placed within 0.5 mm of the pulp elicited severe inflammatory responses, and those placed further than 1 mm had minimal effect. Little correlation existed between remaining dentin thickness and adverse pulp response when slot retention was used.

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This investigation evaluated a cast crown with an access port for in vivo microleakage studies. Fifteen complete cast crowns containing an access port in the facial surface were cast. The gingival margins of the crowns were modified to test the sealing ability of the access port. Each casting was thermocycled 750 times at 5 degrees to 60 degrees C over a 24-hour period. Air pressure of 90 psi followed by 28 mm Hg vacuum was applied for 1 hour each during immersion of the devices in silver nitrate solution. Castings were embedded in acrylic resin and sectioned with a diamond saw through the sealing device. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis revealed no leakage with the 13 test devices and 100% leakage with the controls. The device should be effective for use in human subjects.

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This clinical trial assessed the ability of Gluma Dentin Bond to inhibit dentinal sensitivity in teeth prepared to receive complete cast restorations. Twenty patients provided 76 teeth for the study. Following tooth preparation, dentinal surfaces were coated with either sterile water (control) or two 30-second applications of Gluma Dentin Bond (test) on either intact or removed smear layers. Patients were recalled after 14 days for a test of sensitivity of the prepared dentin to compressed air, osmotic stimulus (saturated CaCl2 solution), and tactile stimulation via a scratch test under controlled loads. A significantly lower number of teeth responded to the test stimuli for both Gluma groups when compared to the controls (P less than .01). No difference was noted between teeth with smear layers intact or removed prior to treatment with Gluma.

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This investigation evaluated the effects of an experimental light-cured glass ionomer (LCGI) cavity liner and chemically cured Ketac-Bond glass ionomer restorative material on the pulpal tissues of monkeys. Class V cavities were prepared in 71 teeth of three adult Macaca mulatta monkeys at 7- and 35-day intervals. Ketac-Bond or LCGI cavity liners were placed in cavities with the smear layer intact (groups I and II) or with the smear layer removed (groups III and IV) and were restored with composite resin. Tissues were acquired, sectioned at 7 microns, stained for microscopic evaluation, or prepared for SEM evaluation. No statistically significant differences between materials existed at either time interval, regardless of smear layer presence. Histopathologic results demonstrated minimal pulpal reactions for groups I through IV. SEM analysis showed tenacious bonding of the LCGI material to prepared cavity walls, with absence of contraction gap formation. The results indicated excellent pulpal responses to both materials.

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Numerous reports have suggested a relationship between marginal adaptation of dental castings and periodontal tissue health, and this study examined this relationship quantitatively. Forty-two crown restorations in 29 randomly selected patients were selected for this study using three criteria. (1) The crowns were placed at the University of North Carolina School of Dentistry; (2) the crowns were in service for a minimum of 4 years; and (3) the crown margins were within the intracrevicular crevice (subgingival). Replica impressions of the facial margins of specific crowns were made with a vinyl polysiloxane impression material, and poured casts were prepared for scanning electron micrograph evaluation. Marginal discrepancy measurements were identified on each micrograph at 10 equally spaced locations along the margin and averaged for each specimen. Periodontal indices of pocket depths, crevicular fluid volume, and gingival index were accumulated for clinical measurements. Pearson correlation and Bonferroni adjusted probability tests were performed, but no significant correlation was found between marginal discrepancy (0.16 +/- 0.13 mm) and pocket depth (2.4 +/- 0.9 mm). However, a strong correlation (p less than 0.001) existed between marginal discrepancy and gingival index (2 +/- 0.8) and between marginal discrepancies and crevicular fluid volume (49.9 +/- 31.1). These results established that a significant quantitative relationship existed between the marginal discrepancy and periodontal tissue inflammation for subgingivally located crown margins.

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The use of threaded endodontic dowels is a controversial issue. The purpose of this study was to compare the potential for root fracture resulting from the cementation of nine threaded and three nonthreaded endodontic dowel systems. The clinical crowns of 140 extracted premolars were removed at the cementoenamel junction. The teeth were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups of 10 teeth each: Group 1, endodontically instrumented but not obturated; group 2, instrumented and obturated; group 3, instrumented, obturated, and restored with custom-cast gold dowel and cores; groups 4 and 5, instrumented, obturated, and restored with prefabricated, nonthreaded dowels; and groups 6 through 14, instrumented, obturated, and restored with one of nine prefabricated, threaded dowels. All dowels were inserted according to manufacturer's directions, removed, and cemented with vinyl polysiloxane impression material. Each specimen was demineralized and cleared. Photographs at 1:1 magnification were taken to assess dowel fractures. Fisher's test and chi square analysis were performed to evaluate the differences between post types, and between posted and nonposted controls (p less than 0.05). The results indicate no statistically significant differences between dowel types when compared with each other, regardless of dowel shape, taper, or presence or absence of threads, or when compared to instrumented, nonobturated controls. The amount of remaining dentin and existing root morphology may be a determining factor for endodontically treated teeth to resist fracture during dowel placement.

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Air abrasion of castings for metal ceramic crowns is a routine procedure in ceramics laboratories for cleaning, seating, and preparing casts for porcelain application. This technique can result in damage to the margins of castings. This investigation evaluated the extent and significance of this procedure. Marginal abrasion ranged from 5 to 110 microns. ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc evaluation revealed no difference between abrasives, but significant differences were noted among alloys and margin configurations (p less than 0.05). Marginal loss by alloy was as follows: [Jelenko O] greater than [Olympia = Cameo] greater than [Jelstar] greater than [Genesis II]. Marginal loss by marginal configuration was as follows: [beveled shoulder] greater than [chamfer = shoulder]. Significant marginal damage can occur during air abrasion of dental castings.

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If a correctly etched-metal, resin-bonded fixed partial denture debonds, one recommendation for reuse is to clean the prosthesis by oven burnout, then to recement it without reetching. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the tensile strength of the bond of composite resin cement to either electrolytically or chemically etched metal was affected by earlier removal of residual resin with a burnout procedure. Pairs of rods made of nickel-chromium-beryllium were electrolytically or chemically etched according to accepted techniques, then bonded end-to-end with an enamel bonding agent and composite resin cement in an alignment apparatus. The rods were stored for 24 hours in 37 degrees C water, then debonded to determine the tensile bond strengths in megapascals. After debonding, the rods were placed in the burnout oven at 510 degrees C for 30 minutes. The rods were then ultrasonically cleaned in ethyl alcohol for 6 minutes. The pairs were rinsed under running water and then rebonded and debonded nine more times under the same conditions. A linear regression analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant difference (p less than 0.05) in the tensile strength of the bonds after repeated thermal cleanings and bondings. Correctly etched metal, resin-bonded fixed partial dentures may be recemented without re-etching after thermal cleaning without a statistically significant loss in the tensile strength of the bonds.

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Bond strengths for the retention of ceramic bonded to metal alloys to the tooth structure involve cavity preparation variables, cement variables and ceramic bonded to metal alloy variables. The aim of this work was to evaluate the retentive strength differences between alloy surfaces, unfired and fired, for porcelain alloys retained with different dental cement compositions. The clinical situation was stimulated by using standardized tooth preparations, extracted teeth and castings cemented with zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cements, which were debonded on an Instron. Jelenko O, Cameo, Jelstar and Genesis II alloys were compared unfired and fired to simulate porcelain application. Fired Jelenko O casting alloy cemented with polycarboxylate cement produced the greatest bond strengths (6.0 +/- 1.0 MPa). Polycarboxylate cemented castings had greater bond strengths for all alloys whether fired or not. The only effect of firing was an improvement with Jelenko O alloys produced with both cements. All of these differences were statistically significant at the P less than 0.01 level using Tukey's post hoc evaluation. The improvements observed were related to the oxide formation on the internal surfaces of the casting and the ability of polycarboxylate cement to adhere chemically to those layers.

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A technique has been presented for indirect fabrication of a cast post and core with the refractory material DVP. This method eliminates the need for developing full contoured patterns and their removal from the working cast for investment. Less time is required and the accuracy of the castings is improved.

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A technique has been presented for developing a combined die-investment stone/die stone-full arch working cast for use in making a resin-retained prosthesis. The advantage of the technique is that it affords the opportunity to articulate the working cast with a cast of the opposing arch and make the framework directly on a refractory material, while minimizing the subsequent need to trim the refractory material.

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