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Burkholderia anthina XXVI is a rhizosphere bacterium isolated from a mango orchard in Mexico. This strain has a significant biological control activity against the causal agent of mango anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, likely through the production of siderophores and other secondary metabolites. Here, we present a draft genome sequence of B. anthina XXVI (approximately 7.7 Mb; and G + C content of 67.0%), with the aim of gaining insight into the genomic basis of antifungal modes of action, ecological success as a biological control agent, and full biosynthetic potential.

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Avian mycoplasmosis causes great economic losses to the poultry industry, and one of the major agents involved is Mycoplasma synovie (MS). Serum from commercial poultry breeders (n = 2781) was tested for MS by serum plate agglutination (SPA), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). From 2,781 samples tested, 736 (26.46%) were positive in SPA. From 712 SPA-positive sera, 30 samples (4.21%) were positive in HI, and 150 samples (21.06%) were positive in ELISA. Copositivity between ELISA and HI was 90%, and conegativity was 82.0%. Agreement between HI and ELISA was rejected by McNemar's test (P ≤ .001), and Kappa coefficient showed a weak correlation between the two techniques (k = 0.25; 0.21 ≤ k < 0.40). Weak statistical correlation was observed between all serological tests (SPA, HI, and ELISA), and they should only be used for initial screening for MS.

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ABSTRACT Due to technological advances and professional commitment, the Brazilian poultry industry has become the main exporter and second major producer of chicken meat in the world. These methods involve the issue of environmental contamination by pathogenic microorganisms which can result in productive losses for the poultry industry as a whole. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the microbiological conditions of a hatching house in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The technique of plate sedimentation was the methodology used, with two culture mediums for growing specific bacteria and fungi. Thirty monitorings were carried out, with two different culture mediums, Mac Conkey Agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. It was observed that the indices of fungus and bacterial contamination were not elevated in the places where the plates had been exposed, except in the vaccination machine where the number of enterobacteria was 52.7 colony forming units (CFU). The results indicate that the method of counting of fungal and bacterial colonies can be a simple way to monitor the sanitary efficiency of the hatching house.

RESUMO O setor avícola brasileiro atingiu, graças ao avanço tecnológico e à competência dos profissionais ligados ao setor, o posto de maior exportador e segundo maior produtor mundial de carne de frango. Estes métodos incluem a questão de contaminação do ambiente por micro-organismos patogênicos que podem trazer perdas produtivas na cadeia avícola como um todo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as condições microbiológicas de um incubatório do Estado de São Paulo. A metodologia empregada foi a da técnica da placa de sedimentação com meios de cultura específicos para o crescimento de bactérias e de fungos. Foram realizados 30 monitoramentos, expondo-se as placas de Petri com dois meios de culturas diferentes, ágar Mac Conkey e ágar Sabouraud dextrose. Observamos que os índices de contaminação fúngica e bacteriana não foram elevados nos locais onde as placas foram expostas, exceto na máquina de vacinação onde o número de enterobactérias foi 52,7 unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). Podemos concluir que o método de contagem de colônias fúngicas e bacterianas pode ser uma maneira simples de monitorar a eficiência sanitária do incubatório.

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The tissue damage found in some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases has been shown to be mediated by an increased activation of neutrophil effector functions. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the phenolic compound butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by opsonized zymosan-stimulated neutrophils, assessed by luminol- and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL-lum and CL-luc, respectively), and some aspects of its mechanism of action. BHT showed concentration-dependent: (a) inhibitory effect on CL-lum and CL-luc; (b) cytotoxic effect, expressed by increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage by the cells; (c) interaction with neutrophil membranes; (d) ROS scavenger activity. These biological effects were observed in the same range of concentrations (0-5 x 10(-5) mol/l). Taken together, the results suggest that inhibition of neutrophil chemiluminescence by BHT was a result of multiple mechanisms, especially a cytotoxic effect probably mediated by BHT interaction with neutrophils membranes, and the ROS scavenging effect.

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OBJECTIVE: Eosinophils and cytokines are implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. In the present study, we investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of quercetin and isoquercitrin in a murine model of asthma. METHODS: BALB/c mice were immunized (ovalbumin/aluminum hydroxide, s. c.), followed by two intranasal ovalbumin challenges. From day 18 to day 22 after the first immunization, the mice received daily gavages of isoquercitrin (15 mg/kg) or quercetin (10 mg/kg). Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, s. c.) was administered as a positive control. Leucocytes were analyzed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood and pulmonary parenchyma at 24 h after the last ovalbumin challenge. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) was analyzed in BALF and lung homogenates. RESULTS: In animals receiving isoquercitrin or quercetin, eosinophil counts were lower in the BALF, blood and lung parenchyma. Neutrophil counts in blood and IL-5 levels in lung homogenate were lower only in isoquercitrin-treated mice. No alterations in mononuclear cell numbers were observed. CONCLUSION: Quercetin and isoquercitrin are effective eosinophilic inflammation suppressors, suggesting a potential for treating allergies.

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Atherosclerosis has been described as an inflammatory disease in which polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) seem to be involved. These cells may induce atherosclerotic lesions by releasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a sort of pro-inflammatory mediators. In this study, the PMNL oxidative metabolic status of Golden Syrian hamsters fed a normal diet (ND), or a high-fat diet (10% coconut oil plus 0.2% cholesterol) supplemented (R-HCD) or not (HCD) with 0.1% (w/w) rutin was evaluated after 120 days of treatment. PMNL oxidative metabolism was assessed by whole blood luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate-dependent flow cytometry. The results obtained by both methods were similar and showed no significant changes in ROS generation by PMNLs in blood samples from HCD or R-HCD animals when compared to ND. Furthermore it was shown that rutin supplementation did not significantly affect plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in the hypercholesterolemic animals characterized by significantly increased total plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The results suggest that in this model atherosclerosis development is not related to circulating PMNL activation and rutin supplementation has no immunomodulatory or hypocholesterolemic effects.

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ABSTRACT This investigation aimed to demonstrate the occurrence of serological reactions to Salmonella spp. in backyard domestic poultry for private consumption located next to parent flocks in the State of São Paulo. Three parent flocks officially recognised as free from S. Pullorum (SP), S. Gallinarum (SG), S. Enteritidis (SE), S. Typhimurium (ST) and 15 neighboring backyard flocks were selected. A sample of 406 chickens from the backyard flocks was bled, and the diagnostic was carried out by the agglutination tests in plate and in tubes. The frequency found was 73% of flocks with chickens reacting to the antigens of SP. The frequency of reacting chickens was 16.5% for the antigen of SP. The results show that the etiological agent studied is widespread among the backyard flocks, posing a constant risk for the commercial poultry flocks that need to adopt and keep good biosecurity practices to preserve their health status.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa objetivou demonstrar a ocorrência de reações sorológicas contra Salmonella spp. nas populações de aves de explorações não tecnificadas e com finalidade de subsistência, em propriedades rurais localizadas em áreas geográficas próximas a granjas de reprodutoras (matrizeiros) do Estado de São Paulo. Foram selecionadas três granjas de matrizes, oficialmente reconhecidas como sendo livres de S. Pullorum (SP), S. Gallinarum (SG), S. Enteritidis (SE), S. Typhimurium (ST), e 15 criações vizinhas, cuja população de aves foi amostrada com colheita e processamento de 406 soros sangüíneos. O diagnóstico foi realizado pela técnica de soroaglutinação rápida em placa e lenta em tubos. A freqüência encontrada foi igual a 73% de propriedades com aves sororeagentes ao antígeno testado de SP (teste da pulorose). A ocorrência observada de aves sororeagentes foi de 16,5%. Os dados obtidos sugerem que o agente estudado está amplamente difundido nas criações informais de aves de fundo de quintal, colocando em risco constante os criatórios de exploração industrial, os quais necessitam adotar e manter boas práticas de biosseguridade para preservar a integridade sanitária dos plantéis.

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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the serological responses of 952 flocks of breeder chickens with ages between 6 and 65 weeks, from several areas of the country during the years of 2003 and 2004. A total of 139,096 and 121,818 serum samples were analyzed by rapid serum agglutination test for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, respectively. The sera were inactivated at 56º C, for 30min and processed by the rapid serum agglutination test with commercial antigens. Similar parts of antigen and serum were added, the solution was mixed and after 2min the presence or not of clots was verified, indicating the antigenantibody formation. Initially crude serum was used, and later serum diluted in the proportion of 1:10 in saline 0.85% of NaCl. Of the analyzed samples, 1.58% (1920) resulted positive for the tested antigen in the dilution 1:10 of M. synoviae and negative for M. gallisepticum. Considering these results, the presence of MS in these flocks can be suspected, indicating that rapid serum agglutination test can be used as a control, to facilitate the laboratorial procedures followed, leading to other serological tests and isolation actions and the identification of agents with greater precision.

RESUMO O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar sorologicamente 952 lotes de galinhas reprodutoras com idade entre 6 e 65 semanas, de diversas regiões do País durante os anos de 2003 e 2004. Foram analisadas 139.096 e 121.818 amostras de soro através da prova de soroaglutinação rápida para Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae, respectivamente. Os soros foram inativados a 56º C, por 30min e processados à prova de soroaglutinação rápida com antígenos comerciais. Adicionou-se partes iguais de antígeno e soro, homogenizando a mistura e após 2min verificou-se a presença ou não de grumos, indicando a formação de reação antígeno-anticorpo. Inicialmente utilizou-se soro bruto, e posteriormente soro diluído na proporção de 1:10 em salina 0,85% de NaCl. Das amostras analisadas, 1,58% (1920) apresentaram resultado positivo na diluição 1:10 ao antígeno testado de MS e negativas ao antígeno testado de M. gallisepticum. Considerandose esses resultados pode-se suspeitar da presença de M. synoviae nesses plantéis, indicando que a prova de soroaglutinação rápida pode ser utilizada preliminarmente como monitoria, facilitando a conduta laboratorial a ser seguida, direcionando outros testes sorológicos e ações de isolamento e a identificação dos agentes com maior precisão.

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ABSTRACT This investigation aimed to demonstrate the occurrence of serological reactions to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in domestic backyard poultryfor self consumtion located next to parent flocks in the State of São Paulo. Fifteen backyard flocks around 3 parent flocks officially recognized as free from MG and MS were selected.Sera from 406 chickens were researched on antibodies anti MG and MS, by means of plate agglutination test. The frequencies found were 73% and 100% of flocks with chickens reacting to the antigens of MG and MS, respectively. The frequencies of reacting chickens were 30.3% and 40.6% for the antigens of MG and MS, respectively. The results showed that the aetiological agents studied are widespread among the backyard flocks, posing a constant risk for the commercial poultry flocks, which need to adopt and keep good biosecurity practices to preserve their sanitary status.

RESUMO Pesquisou-se anticorpos anti Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) e Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) nas populações de aves de produção não tecnificada e com finalidade de subsistência, em propriedades rurais em áreas geográficas próximas a granjas de reprodutoras (matrizeiros) do Estado de São Paulo. Foram selecionadas quinze criações vizinhas a 3 granjas de matrizes, consideradas livres de MG e MS. Soros sanguíneos de 406 galinhas foram estudados quanto a presença de anticorpos anti MG e MS. A avaliação foi realizada pela técnica de soroaglutinação rápida em placa. As freqüências de positividade encontradas foram de 73% e 100% das aves aos antígenos de MG e MS, respectivamente. As ocorrências observadas de aves sororreagentes foram de 30,3% e 40,6% para os antígenos de MG e MS, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram que MG e MS estão amplamente difundidos nas criações informais de aves de fundo de quintal, colocando em risco constante os criatórios de exploração industrial, os quais necessitam adotar e manter boas práticas de biossegurança para preservar a integridade sanitária dos plantéis.

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Formation of circulating immune complexes (ICs) is essential for clearance of invading agents. In some circumstances ICs might deposit on host tissues, leading to an inflammatory process that involves massive activation of neutrophils (PMNs), release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lysosomal enzymes and damage to the host tissue. Extracts of plants from Lychnophora sp. are used in Brazilian folk medicine as antiinflammatory agents. In this study, we evaluated the effect of eight flavonoids isolated from L. granmongolense, L. salicifolia and L. ericoides on the generation of ROS by rabbit PMNs stimulated with two kinds of ICs: particles of serum-opsonized zymosan (OZ) and insoluble ICs (ICIgG). ROS production was measured by chemiluminescence (CL) assay. We observed that 5- and 7- dihydroxylated compounds at 5 micromol/L inhibited almost totally ICIgG- and OZ-triggered luminol-CL and OZ-triggered lucigenin-CL. The degree of inhibitory effect among the other flavonoids was different, depending on the kind of ICs used to trigger ROS generation by PMNs and the number and position of methoxy groups. Moreover, under the conditions assessed, the studied flavonoids were not toxic to the rabbit PMNs. These results suggest that the actions of flavonoids on ROS generation by stimulated PMNs are highly dependent on their structures.

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This paper describes an adhesive technique to restore cervical erosion and abrasion lesions so that the area can be used for clasp retention of a removable partial denture. An enamel fragment is used to recontour the area, achieving function and esthetics.

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