RESUMEN
Bacterial infections of the eye highlight a dilemma that is central to all immune-privileged sites. On the one hand, immune privilege limits inflammation to prevent bystander destruction of normal tissue and loss of vision. On the other hand, bacterial infections require a robust inflammatory response for rapid clearance of the pathogen. We demonstrate that the retina handles this dilemma, in part, by activation of a protective heat shock protein. During Staphylococcus aureus-induced endophthalmitis, the small heat shock protein alphaB-crystallin is upregulated in the retina and prevents apoptosis during immune clearance of the bacteria. In the absence of alphaB-crystallin, mice display increased retinal apoptosis and retinal damage. We found that S. aureus produces a protease capable of cleaving alphaB-crystallin to a form that coincides with increased retinal apoptosis and tissue destruction. We conclude that alphaB-crystallin is important in protecting sensitive retinal tissue during destructive inflammation that occurs during bacterial endophthalmitis.
Asunto(s)
Endoftalmitis/microbiología , Retina/metabolismo , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/metabolismo , Staphylococcus aureus , Cadena B de alfa-Cristalina/metabolismo , Animales , Apoptosis/fisiología , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Caspasa 3/genética , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Femenino , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Retina/citología , Retina/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Regulación hacia Arriba , Cadena B de alfa-Cristalina/genéticaRESUMEN
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor alpha family of cytokines that preferentially induces apoptosis in transformed cells, making it a promising cancer therapy. However, many neoplasms are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by mechanisms that are poorly understood. We demonstrate that the expression of the small heat shock protein alpha B-crystallin (but not other heat shock proteins or apoptosis-regulating proteins) correlates with TRAIL resistance in a panel of human cancer cell lines. Stable expression of wild-type alpha B-crystallin, but not a pseudophosphorylation mutant impaired in its assembly and chaperone function, protects cancer cells from TRAIL-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, selective inhibition of alpha B-crystallin expression by RNA interference sensitizes cancer cells to TRAIL. In addition, wild-type alpha B-crystallin promotes xenograft tumor growth and inhibits TRAIL-induced apoptosis in vivo in nude mice, whereas a pseudophosphorylation alpha B-crystallin mutant impaired in its anti-apoptotic function inhibits xenograft tumor growth. Collectively, these findings indicate that alpha B-crystallin is a novel regulator of TRAIL-induced apoptosis and tumor growth. Moreover, these results demonstrate that targeted inhibition of alpha B-crystallin promotes TRAIL-induced apoptosis, thereby suggesting a novel strategy to overcome TRAIL resistance in cancer.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Caspasas , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Cadena B de alfa-Cristalina/fisiología , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Caspasa 3 , Línea Celular Tumoral , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Humanos , Interferencia de ARN , Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNFRESUMEN
Myoblasts respond to growth factor deprivation either by differentiating into multinucleated myotubes or by undergoing apoptosis; hence, the acquisition of apoptosis resistance by myogenic precursors is essential for their development. Here we demonstrate that the expression of the small heat shock protein alpha B-crystallin is selectively induced in C2C12 myoblasts that are resistant to differentiation-induced apoptosis, and we show that this induction occurs at an early stage in their differentiation in vitro. In contrast, the expression of several known anti-apoptotic proteins (FLIP, XIAP, Bcl-x(L)) was not altered during myogenesis. We also demonstrate that ectopic expression of alpha B-crystallin, but not the closely related small heat shock protein Hsp27, renders C2C12 myoblasts resistant to differentiation-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we show that the myopathy-causing R120G alpha B-crystallin mutant is partly impaired in its cytoprotective function, whereas a pseudophosphorylation alpha B-crystallin mutant that mimics stress-induced phosphorylation is completely devoid of anti-apoptotic activity. Finally, we demonstrate that alpha B-crystallin negatively regulates apoptosis during myogenesis by inhibiting the proteolytic activation of caspase-3, whereas the R120G and pseudophosphorylation mutants are defective in this function. Taken together, our findings indicate that alpha B-crystallin is a novel negative regulator of myogenic apoptosis that directly links the differentiation program to apoptosis resistance.