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The study assessed the developmental potential of germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM) after prematuration culture with cilostamide (a phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor) and the impact of cilostamide exposure on the morphology of meiosis II (MII) oocytes and subsequent embryo quality. Methods: In total, 994 oocytes were collected from 63 patients. Among 307 GV oocytes, 140 oocytes were selected for the experimental group and 130 oocytes for the control group. The denuded GV-stage oocytes were cultured for 6 hours with cilostamide in the experimental group and without cilostamide in the control group. After 6 hours, the oocytes in the experimental group were washed and transferred to fresh IVM medium. The maturational status of the oocytes in both groups was examined at 26, 36, and 48 hours. Fertilization was assessed at 18 hours post-intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Embryo quality was assessed on days 3 and 5. Results: In total, 92.1% of the oocytes remained in the GV stage, while 6.4% converted to the MI stage (p0.05). With the advent of cilostamide, blastocyst quality was better in the experimental group than in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Cilostamide effectively blocked nuclear maturation and promoted cytoplasmic growth. Prematuration culture with cilostamide enabled synchronization between cytoplasmic and nuclear maturity, resulting in better blastocyst outcomes.

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UNLABELLED: Seminal fluid is the secretion from many glands comprised of several organic and inorganic compounds including free amino acids, proteins, fructose, glucosidase, zinc, and other scavenging elements like Mg(2+), Ca(2+), K(+), and Na(+). Therefore, in the view of development of novel approaches and proper diagnosis to male infertility, overall understanding of the biochemical and molecular composition and its role in regulation of sperm quality is highly desirable. Perhaps this can be achieved through artificial intelligence. This study was aimed to elucidate and predict various biochemical markers present in human seminal plasma with three different neural network models. A total of 177 semen samples were collected for this research (both fertile and infertile samples) and immediately processed to prepare a semen analysis report, based on the protocol of the World Health Organization (WHO [2010]). The semen samples were then categorized into oligoasthenospermia (n=35), asthenospermia (n=35), azoospermia (n=22), normospermia (n=34), oligospermia (n=34), and control (n=17). The major biochemical parameters like total protein content, fructose, glucosidase, and zinc content were elucidated by standard protocols. All the biochemical markers were predicted by using three different artificial neural network (ANN) models with semen parameters as inputs. Of the three models, the back propagation neural network model (BPNN) yielded the best results with mean absolute error 0.025, -0.080, 0.166, and -0.057 for protein, fructose, glucosidase, and zinc, respectively. This suggests that BPNN can be used to predict biochemical parameters for the proper diagnosis of male infertility in assisted reproductive technology (ART) centres. ABBREVIATIONS: AAS: absorption spectroscopy; AI: artificial intelligence; ANN: artificial neural networks; ART: assisted reproductive technology; BPNN: back propagation neural network model; DT: decision tress; MLP: multilayer perceptron; PESA: percutaneous epididymal sperm spiration; RBFN: radical basis function network; SRNN: simple recurrent neural network; SVM: support vector machines; TSE: testicular sperm extraction; WHO: World Health Organization.

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BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation enables semen to be preserved at subzero temperatures, usually at -196 degrees C. There is a need in preparing good extender for the semen to be cryopreserved until use, especially in the field of assisted reproduction. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the apt extender for preserving both infertile and fertile samples for a minimum period and to check the post thaw results for various extenders used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 103 samples were collected for this research, and after semen analysis the semen samples were categorized into oligospermia (n = 20), oligoasthenospermia (n = 22), asthenospermia (n = 24), normospermia (n = 28), and control (n = 9). RESULTS: The extender supplemented with various antioxidants yields better results when compared to all the other extenders in case of fertile and infertile samples. CONCLUSION: Supplementing semen extender with antioxidants and various ingredients is the concern in designing an apt semen extender recipe. This research prescribes antioxidant extender (E4) to preserve the infertile and fertile semen samples for the purpose of research and also for doing assisted reproduction.

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PURPOSE: There has been an increasing interest in the evaluation of metal ion concentration, present in different body fluids. It is known that metal ions, especially zinc play vital role in the fertility of human semen. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the study is to evaluate the Zn concentration in Normospermia samples by Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and to predict the same by artificial neural network (ANN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Normospermia semen samples were collected from the patients who came to attend semen analysis at Bangalore assisted conception centre, Bangalore, India. Semen analysis was done according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidance. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to estimate the total Zn in these samples, while the Back propagation neural network algorithm (BPNN) was used to predict the Zn levels in these samples. RESULTS: Zinc concentration obtained by AAS and BPNN indicated that there was a good correlation between the estimated and predicted values and was also found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The BPNN algorithm developed in this study could be used for the prediction of Zn concentration in human Normospermia samples. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE: The algorithm could be further developed to predict the concentration of all the trace elements present in human seminal plasma of different infertile categories.

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