RESUMEN
Elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, racial differences in both Lp(a) levels and their associated CHD risk are observed, with African Americans having, on average, higher Lp(a) levels than US whites but not the expected increase in CHD risk. We determined Lp(a) levels and their correlates in a large cohort (n = 2379) of black and white girls, ages 9 to 10 years, at the baseline visit of a longitudinal study of obesity development, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. Lp(a) levels were available for 1269 girls. The median Lp(a) level in black girls was over 3-fold higher than that in white girls. Associations were examined between Lp(a) levels and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, triglycerides, adiposity, pubertal maturation stage, body fat patterning (triceps/truncal skinfold ratio), and dietary fat (Keys' score). In black girls multiple regression analysis identified LDL-C (P <.001) and adiposity (P =. 08) as predictors of Lp(a) levels. In white girls only LDL-C (P =. 02) was associated with Lp(a). In conclusion, the level of Lp(a) was significantly higher in black girls. Our study also revealed a racial difference in correlates of Lp(a), such as LDL-C and adiposity. Whether this racial difference is due to an underlying biologic difference or is merely a reflection of a greater statistical power to detect a relationship with the level, which was 2.5-fold higher in black girls than in white girls, needs further investigation.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra , Lipoproteína(a)/sangre , Población Blanca , Análisis de Varianza , Antropometría , Niño , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Análisis de Regresión , Maduración Sexual , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV, protein; APOA4, gene) is a major constituent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles, but its precise function in lipid metabolism is still uncertain. We have determined APOA4 genetic polymorphism in 285 randomly selected Melanesians from the Solomon Islands and have evaluated its significance in lipid metabolism. By using isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting techniques, a variant pattern, indistinguishable from the APOA4*2 allele uniquely found in white populations at a frequency of about 8%, was detected at a relatively high frequency (19%) in the Melanesian sample. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and DNA sequencing of the 3' end of the APOA4 gene revealed that the Melanesian mutation is distinct from the known APOA4*2 mutation and that it involves a four-amino acid deletion in the evolutionarily conserved carboxyl-terminal region in the apoA-IV protein, which consists of four repeats of four amino acids each. After adjustment for concomitant variables, we investigated the impact of the deletion polymorphism on plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, apoA-I, apoA-II, and apoE. A significant (P = .02) and gene-dosage effect was observed on the plasma levels of apoA-I and apoA-II: these levels were lowest in individuals homozygous for the deletion allele (D), intermediate in heterozygotes (ND), and highest in homozygous individuals for the normal allele (N). The average effect of the APOA4*D allele was to lower apoA-I and apoA-II by 8 mg/dL and 2 mg/dL, respectively, and the APOA4 polymorphism accounted for about 3% of the phenotypic variance in both cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Apolipoproteínas A/genética , Eliminación de Gen , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Polimorfismo Genético , Alelos , Secuencia de Bases , Genotipo , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , FenotipoRESUMEN
Using isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting techniques, we screened 96 serum samples from Yanomami Indians of northwestern Brazil to determine structural variation at three apolipoprotein loci: A4, E, and H. The APO-H locus, which is commonly polymorphic in white and black samples, was found to be monomorphic. At the APO-E locus only two alleles, APOE*3 and APOE*4, rather than the three-allele polymorphism commonly seen in Caucasians, was observed. At the APO-A4 locus no example of the APOA4*2 allele, found in Caucasians, was detected. However, the frequency of the less common APOA4*4 allele was above what has been observed in any other population. We investigated the impact of genetic variation at both polymorphic loci on quantitative differences in lipids, apolipoproteins, serum glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and uric acid. Contrary to the cholesterol-elevating effect of APOE*4 reported elsewhere, in both univariate analyses and after adjustments for age, sex, weight, and height, APOE*4 was associated with about a 4% lower mean serum cholesterol. Only after adjustment was this association statistically significant. The APOE*4 allele was significantly associated with unadjusted APO-A1 and APO-E levels but not with any other dependent variable; associations with adjusted APO-A1, APO-C2, and uric acid also approached standard levels of statistical significance (p < or = 0.05). In univariate analyses the APOA4*4 allele was significantly associated with APO-B, serum glucose, percent glycated hemoglobin, and uric acid, but no significant associations were observed after dependent variables were adjusted for age, sex, weight, and height. These results support the notion that apolipoprotein distributions and their associations with lipid and carbohydrate metabolism show ethnic variability.
Asunto(s)
Apolipoproteínas A/genética , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Frecuencia de los Genes , Variación Genética/genética , Glicoproteínas/genética , Indígenas Sudamericanos/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Adulto , Brasil , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Carbohidratos/sangre , Colesterol/sangre , Colesterol/genética , Dieta , Femenino , Humanos , Lipoproteínas/sangre , Lipoproteínas/genética , Masculino , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , beta 2 Glicoproteína IRESUMEN
The apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism has been related to differences in lipoprotein metabolism and lipid/lipoprotein concentrations in a number of studies. Whether these associations are seen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), which itself affects many of the same aspects of lipoprotein metabolism as does the apo E polymorphism, is unknown. The present study is an investigation into the influence of apo E phenotype on lipoprotein concentrations in a large group of IDDM patients (n = 433) participating in the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study. The frequency of the three apo E alleles 2, 3, and 4 did not differ in this population from that reported in general white populations. Although the diabetic subjects show the same trends as seen in the general population, ie, apo E-2 is associated with lower and apo E-4 with higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) compared with apo E3 (P less than .03), they also show relationships with glycemic control that influence the relative levels of lipid measures with respect to apo E phenotype. Results also raise the possibility that lipoprotein composition varies according to apo E phenotype in IDDM.
Asunto(s)
Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangre , Lipoproteínas/sangre , Adulto , Alelos , Apolipoproteínas E/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Caracteres SexualesRESUMEN
An isoelectric focusing (IEF) procedure in an ultra-narrow pH range, 4.2-4.9, has been utilized to detect alpha 1-antitrypsin or alpha 1-protease inhibitor (PI) allele products in 2 US white and 3 US black populations as well as 1 native African black population. In addition to the 3 common alleles PI*M1, PI*M2 and PI*M3, products of the 4th allele PI*M4 have been identified in US whites at low-level frequency. The presence of the PI*S, PI*Z and PI*I alleles has also been verified in our population samples. While the PI*S allele is present at a polymorphic level in US whites, it is only present sporadically in US blacks and is completely absent in African blacks. The PI*Z allele was not detected in the black populations tested. The PI allele frequency data have been used to calculate white admixture in US blacks.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra/genética , Frecuencia de los Genes/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Población Blanca/genética , alfa 1-Antitripsina/genética , África/etnología , Mapeo Cromosómico , Humanos , Estados Unidos/etnologíaRESUMEN
A simple method for screening populations for the apolipoprotein E polymorphism which involves isoelectric focusing of delipidated samples on polyacrylamide gels of pH 4.5-5.8 followed by immunoblotting using a double-antibody technique is presented. The method is a synthesis of two previously published procedures and works well on samples that have been stored for as long as 15 years.
Asunto(s)
Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Pruebas Genéticas , Polimorfismo Genético , Adulto , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Focalización Isoeléctrica , Estudios Longitudinales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Structural variation at the APOE locus is a major determinant of interindividual differences in cholesterol levels in populations at large. We have determined APOE structural polymorphism and estimated its impact on total cholesterol in the Mayans of the Yucatan Peninsula from Mexico. A unique pattern of APOE allele frequency distribution was observed, with no example of the APOE*2 allele and a relatively low incidence (9%) of the APOE*4 allele, giving rise to the lowest average heterozygosity at the APOE locus observed to date. The reported elevating affect of the APOE*4 allele on cholesterol has been found to be absent in the Mayans; several possible explanations which may account for the absence of this affect are discussed. In addition to APOE the gene products of five other apolipoprotein loci were screened and low frequency variation, possibly due to European admixture, was observed in two systems (APOH and APOA-IV).
Asunto(s)
Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Colesterol/sangre , Indígenas Norteamericanos , Alelos , Análisis de Varianza , Apolipoproteína C-III , Apolipoproteína E2 , Apolipoproteína E3 , Apolipoproteína E4 , Apolipoproteínas A/genética , Apolipoproteínas C/genética , Niño , Colesterol/biosíntesis , Frecuencia de los Genes , Glicoproteínas/genética , Humanos , Immunoblotting , México , Polimorfismo Genético , beta 2 Glicoproteína IRESUMEN
Apolipoprotein C-III (APO C-III) is a structural component of very-low-density and high-density lipoprotein particles and is an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase. In a study of genetic variation of apolipoproteins in the Mayan population of the Yucatán peninsula, we observed a quantitative polymorphism in APO C-III levels. This polymorphism is expressed as variation in immunoblot staining intensity following isoelectric focusing and as variation in plasma levels of APO C-III determined by radial immunodiffusion. This variation is consistent with the presence in Mayans of an allele associated with low levels of plasma APO C-III which we have designated APO C-III*D. Analysis of the distribution of APO C-III levels yields a gene frequency estimate for the deficiency allele of 0.59. There is a significant positive correlation between total plasma APO C-III levels and total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, the lowest levels of cholesterol and triglycerides being seen in individuals homozygous for the deficiency allele. This observation is consistent with the proposed role of APO C-III in lipoprotein metabolism. Family data to determine whether this deficiency allele is due to mutation at the APO C-III structural locus were not available. However, molecular analysis using cloned probes from the APO A-I/C-III/A-IV gene cluster revealed no gross DNA rearrangement or deletion of sequences in this region in homozygous deficient individuals.
Asunto(s)
Apolipoproteínas C/genética , Indígenas Centroamericanos/genética , Apolipoproteína C-III , Variación Genética , Humanos , Focalización Isoeléctrica , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMEN
Genetically determined structural variation in the gene products of various apolipoproteins plays a significant role in modulating lipid levels in the population at large. However, due to tedious and cumbersome experimental problems involved, the detailed characterization of this genetic variation has been limited. The recent development of simple and sensitive isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting methods has circumvented these technically associated problems to a large extent, and this has allowed us to expand the genetic data on various apolipoproteins to previously uncharacterized populations. We have reviewed here these isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting methods. A comprehensive listing of allele frequencies has also been given for the polymorphic apolipoproteins.
Asunto(s)
Apolipoproteínas/genética , Immunoblotting/métodos , Frecuencia de los Genes , Humanos , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMEN
An improved method has been developed for the reliable classification of different C1R genetic variant forms from human serum or plasma. The method combines the use of neuraminidase-digested samples followed by monodimensional isoelectric focusing in the pH range 5 to 8 followed by immunoblotting. The method yields a simple pattern, with one major band in homozygote and two major bands in heterozygote cases.
Asunto(s)
Tipificación y Pruebas Cruzadas Sanguíneas/métodos , Complemento C1r/análisis , Heterocigoto , Homocigoto , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Immunoblotting , Focalización Isoeléctrica , Neuraminidasa/metabolismo , FenotipoRESUMEN
Although subcomponents C1r and C1s of the first complement component, C1, have been established to be in the same linkage group as the proline-rich protein gene cluster on chromosome 12p13.2, no direct analysis of linkage between the C1R and C1S structural gene loci has been available. We have detected through a population screening study 5 families which are heterozygous at the structural loci for both C1R and C1S. Three of the 5 families, 21 individuals, were informative for linkage. A maximum lod score of 1.505 at theta = 0.00 was found in a two-point analysis between C1R and C1S. Ten populations were screened for structural variation at the C1S locus. Only US Whites and a Kodiak Island Eskimo group expressed heterogeneity. The frequencies of the designated alleles, C1S*1 and C1S*2, were 0.992 and 0.007, respectively, in the US White population and 0.998 and 0.002, respectively, in the Kodiak Island Eskimo population. In addition, the product of a putative new allele, designated C1S*4, was observed in a single US White individual but segregation of this variant was not observed in the limited family data available.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Sanguíneas/genética , Enzimas Activadoras de Complemento/genética , Complemento C1s/genética , Ligamiento Genético , Genética de Población , Complemento C1/genética , Complemento C1r , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Humanos , Masculino , Linaje , Fenotipo , Grupos Raciales , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Thin-layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing over the pH range 3.5-5 followed by immunoblotting was used to investigate the occurrence and frequency of genetic variation in corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). Plasma samples from US Caucasians (n = 105) and US Blacks (n = 106) from Pittsburgh, Pa., Canadian Indians from Vancouver Island (n = 91) and Nigerian Blacks (n = 116) were analyzed. A complex isoprotein pattern was observed in all individuals tested. Reduction of this pattern to a single primary band following neuraminidase treatment indicates that the observed intraindividual variation is due to variation in the number of sialic acid residues associated with CBG. The CBG variant pattern consisted of a series of isoprotein bands having the same mobility as the common pattern, and a second series of bands at a more acidic isoelectric point. This pattern is consistent with heterozygosity for a rare CBG allele.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Sanguíneas/genética , Transcortina/genética , Western Blotting , Variación Genética , Humanos , Focalización Isoeléctrica , FenotipoRESUMEN
An isoelectric focusing procedure in an ultranarrow pH range (5.0-5.5) polyacrylamide gel is described for the determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) phenotypes. The occurrence of the rare SOD A*2 allele in the Caucasian population of Utah is also reported at a polymorphic frequency (0.011). The presence of the SOD A 2 unique allele in the Mormons of Utah is compatible with their historical affinity with Scandinavians.
Asunto(s)
Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Alelos , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genética de Población , Humanos , Focalización Isoeléctrica/métodos , Punto Isoeléctrico , Linaje , Polimorfismo Genético , Países Escandinavos y Nórdicos/etnologíaRESUMEN
Using a simple and rapid one-dimensional isoelectric focusing technique followed by immunoblotting, we have detected genetic polymorphism of human apolipoprotein C-II (APO C-II) in normal unfractionated plasma samples of individuals of black ancestry. Two common autosomal codominantly expressed alleles, designated APO C-II*1 and APO C-II*2, at the APO C-II structural locus have been observed with frequencies of 0.975 and 0.025 in US blacks and 0.943 and 0.049 in Nigerian blacks. In addition, the gene product of a rare allele designated APO C-II*3 was observed in a single Nigerian black. Apart from a single example of an APO C-II 2-1 phenotype in plasma samples from 187 whites, which was electrophoretically identical to the 2-1 phenotype observed in blacks, it appears that APO C-II*2 is a unique black marker of potential importance in anthropogenetic and atherosclerosis studies.