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Aim: Compare the efficacy of triple antibiotic paste (TAP), herbal extracts, and camphorated monochlorophenol (CMCP) as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in deciduous molars. Materials and methods: A total of 60 samples were collected from canals of first and second molars of 4-10-year-old children, with more than two-thirds root length, and fitting the inclusion criteria. Samples were collected at three intervals-S1 was collected just after access opening, S2 was collected after biomechanical preparation (BMP) and irrigation, and just before placement of medicament. Randomization was done to place the medicaments into three groups: group I-CMCP, group II-TAP, and group III-herbal combination. Sample S3 was taken 48 hours after removal of medicament from the canals. The collected samples were transported via Amies media to the laboratory, where they were anaerobically incubated for 24 hours. Growth of E. Faecalis was observed, and manual counting of the colony-forming unit (CFU) was done. The change in CFU in all samples was calculated, and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: The results show that there is a change from S1 (TAP = 118.67 ± 122.48, herbal = 109.07 ± 106.43; CMCP = 110.73 ± 120.53) to S2 (TAP = 34.13 ± 63.47; herbal = 27.67 ± 39.39; CMCP = 16.40 ± 26.32) and S3 (TAP = 12.33 ± 24.82; herbal = 4.73 ± 12.78; CMCP = 3.40 ± 7.12). It is seen that there is a significant difference seen from S1 to S2 in all three groups (p ≤ 0.05) using repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. This shows that all three medicaments were effective in reducing bacterial counts of E. Faecalis from sample S1 (pre) to S3 (post) significantly after exposure to root canal bacterial flora for 48 hours (2 days). The pairwise comparison of the change in CFU within each group, S1-S3, also shows significant changes. There is a significant decrease in CFU seen from S1 to S2 and S1 to S3 but not from S2 to S3 for all three groups, which was evaluated using the post hoc Bonferroni test. It was also observed that in between the canals, although there was a change from S1 to S3 in terms of the CFU, there was no significant difference in the decrease in the bacterial count when intercanal comparison was made. There was, however, a change that was seen to be significant when values from each canal were compared from S1 to S3. Conclusion: All three medicaments have successfully shown a decrease in the numbers of E. faecalis, which the study aimed at checking. Although the effect varied intergroups, it was mild, so herbal alternatives could be used instead of antibiotics and CMCP. Also, because the local application is effective in controlling interappointment flare-ups, the medicaments can be successfully given without having to prescribe systemic antibiotics. How to cite this article: Tawde MM, Lakade L, Patil S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Triple Antibiotic Paste Herbal Combination and Camphorated Monochlorophenol as Intracanal Medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis in Deciduous Molars: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(3):243-254.

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Introduction: A drop in pH of the oral cavity results in demineralization, which, if continued, leads to loss of minerals from tooth structure, resulting in dental caries. A goal of modern dentistry is to manage noncavitated caries lesions noninvasively through remineralization in an attempt to prevent disease progression. Materials and methods: A total of 40 extracted premolar teeth were selected for the study. The specimens were divided into four groups, group I, the control group; group II, remineralizing agent as fluoride toothpaste; group III, the treatment material as ginger and honey paste; and group IV, the treatment material as ozone oil. An initial reading of surface roughness and hardness was recorded for the group (control group). Repeated treatment has continued lasting 21 days. This saliva was changed each day. Following the lesion formation procedure, the surface microhardness was measured for all specimens. The parameters were 200 gm force for 15 seconds with a Vickers indenter and the roughness of the demineralized area of each specimen was obtained by using the surface roughness tester. Results: Surface roughness was checked by using a surface roughness tester. Before starting the pH cycle, the baseline value for the control group was calculated. The baseline value for the control group was calculated. The surface roughness average value for 10 samples is 0.555 µm and the average surface microhardness is 304 HV; the average surface roughness value for fluoride is 0.244 µm and the microhardness is 256 HV, 0.241 µm, and 271 HV value for honey-ginger paste. For ozone surface roughness average value is 0.238 µm and the surface microhardness average mean value is 253 HV. Conclusion: The future of dentistry will rely on the regeneration of tooth structure. There is no significant difference seen between each treatment group. Considering the adverse effect of fluoride, we can consider honey-ginger and ozone as good remineralizing agents for fluoride. How to cite this article: Kade KK, Chaudhary S, Shah R, et al. Comparative Evaluation of the Remineralization Potential of Fluoride-containing Toothpaste, Honey Ginger Paste and Ozone. An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(5):541-548.

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BACKGROUND: The AOT is an atypical tumor of odontogenic origin that comprises about 0.1% of jaw tumors and cysts as well as up to 3% of odontogenic tumors (OTs). AIM AND OBJECTIVE: This review describes the clinical, radiographical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical properties of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) and reports an occurrence of an AOT in a boy, 13 years of age. CASE DESCRIPTION: A male, 13 years of age, presented with a swelling with respect to the left maxilla, painless, and with obvious facial asymmetry. The orthopantomogram and computed tomography scan revealed a large unilocular radiolucency in the left maxilla with permanent lateral incisor embedded within the lesion and permanent canine pushed away from its normal position. After complete enucleation of the cyst under local anesthesia and extraction of associated impacted permanent teeth and retained deciduous teeth related to the lesion, the defect was filled with a bone graft and closed. Postoperative follow-up was uneventful. CONCLUSION: An accurate diagnosis should be established through clinical, radiographical, and pathological correlations in order to be able to differentiate AOT from other conditions for early diagnosis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This report highlights the salient features of the AOT to be able to correctly diagnose and manage the lesion. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kamble A, Shimpi MR, Dash JK, et al. Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor of the Maxilla in a 13-year-old Patient: A Rare Case Report with a Review of Literature. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):596-600.

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Midline diastema, which occurs as spacing between the upper central incisors, is a common occurrence seen in the pediatric population. In the ugly duckling stage of development; no treatment is generally advocated as the diastema is a transient one. When diastemas occur due to other pathologies, they pose several problems in relation to esthetics and speech in a growing child. With the advent of time, patient's demand for esthetics has greatly increased. Along with this, a less time-consuming treatment option is a favorite. Proper diagnosis of the diastema, unfolding its etiology, helps in devising an adequate treatment plan. This eventually will lead to stability of the final result. The present case report presents a different and unique approach for the esthetic closure of midline diastema following frenectomy procedure. The approach proves to be a quick and simple option for closure of midline diastemas in cases with concomitant incisal edge irregularities.

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AIM: To study the Etiology and Outcomes of Lower Extremity Ulcer in Non- Diabetic Patients. METHOD: A total number of 40 patients were collected from Rheumatology services (Department of Medicine), Venous Clinic (Department of Surgery) and Dermatology Clinic (Department of Dermatology) of a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai over a period of 48 months from January 2013 to December 2016. The study included serial recruitment of lower limb ulcer fulfilling inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Patients with lower limb ulcers presented with a wide range of pathology. Ulcers due to Vasculitis was the most common etiology (40%) and affected females predominantly (12/16). Venous ulcers were the second most common etiology and predominantly affected men (8/10). CONCLUSION: It is important to consider differential diagnosis of Vasculitic ulcer in chronic non healing ulcers as they show rapid response to treatment with immunosuppressant. If such ulcers are not promptly diagnosed and treated properly, systemic vasculitis can cause end organ damage or even endanger patient life.

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BACKGROUND: Antiphospholipid antibodies (APAs) are detected in 30-40% of SLE patients, but only few develop APLA syndrome. Incidence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is reportedly high in APA positive patients; however, Indian data is missing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted from Jan 2009 - Dec 2011, on 50 SLE patients, fulfilling ACR criteria. SLE patients were selected serially from OPD and IPD. Pregnant females and children were excluded.Tests for presence of anticardiolipin antibody, lupus anticoagulant and anti-ß2 glycoprotein antibody were performed in all patients. Pulmonary artery pressure, was measured on transthoracic 2DECHO, by TR jet and graded as, mild (25-40mm), moderate (40-60) and severe (> 60mm). CT - pulmonary angiography and lower limb venous Doppler were performed in patients of moderate and severe PH. RESULTS: Out of 50 patients, 46 were females, 4 males, aged 17-50 yrs. Twenty-three were positive for at least one APA, 14/23 ACLA positive, 3/23 positive for LA, 16/23 positive for anti ß2 glycoprotein antibodies, 11 were positive for 2 or more antibodies. Pulmonary hypertension was present in 11 out of 23 APA and 2 out of 27 APA negative patients, with moderate to severe PH in 7 out of 11 APA positive patients. Four out of 7 patients with moderate to severe PH tested positive for more than one APA and in higher titers. CT pulmonary angiography and lower limb venous Doppler were performed in 4 out of 7 patients with moderate and severe PH and were normal. Three patients with moderate PH expired. CONCLUSIONS: Lupus patients with APAs are more prone to develop PH, with a possibility of formation of microthrombi in the pathogenesis of PH. As regards treatment of PH, in addition of PH lowering drugs, place for anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents needs to be studied in PH with APA positive patients.

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