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The Scientific Department of Neuroimmunology of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (DCNI/ABN) and Brazilian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunological Diseases (BCTRIMS) provide recommendations in this document for vaccination of the population with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) against infections in general and against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19. We emphasize the seriousness of the current situation in view of the spread of COVID-19 in our country. Therefore, reference guides on vaccination for clinicians, patients, and public health authorities are particularly important to prevent some infectious diseases. The DCNI/ABN and BCTRIMS recommend that patients with CNS demyelinating diseases (e.g., MS and NMOSD) be continually monitored for updates to their vaccination schedule, especially at the beginning or before a change in treatment with a disease modifying drug (DMD). It is also important to note that vaccines are safe, and physicians should encourage their use in all patients. Clearly, special care should be taken when live attenuated viruses are involved. Finally, it is important for physicians to verify which DMD the patient is receiving and when the last dose was taken, as each drug may affect the induction of immune response differently.

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ABSTRACT The Scientific Department of Neuroimmunology of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (DCNI/ABN) and Brazilian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunological Diseases (BCTRIMS) provide recommendations in this document for vaccination of the population with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) against infections in general and against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19. We emphasize the seriousness of the current situation in view of the spread of COVID-19 in our country. Therefore, reference guides on vaccination for clinicians, patients, and public health authorities are particularly important to prevent some infectious diseases. The DCNI/ABN and BCTRIMS recommend that patients with CNS demyelinating diseases (e.g., MS and NMOSD) be continually monitored for updates to their vaccination schedule, especially at the beginning or before a change in treatment with a disease modifying drug (DMD). It is also important to note that vaccines are safe, and physicians should encourage their use in all patients. Clearly, special care should be taken when live attenuated viruses are involved. Finally, it is important for physicians to verify which DMD the patient is receiving and when the last dose was taken, as each drug may affect the induction of immune response differently.

RESUMO O DC de Neuroimunologia da ABN e o BCTRIMS trazem, nesse documento, as recomendações sobre vacinação da população com doenças desmielinizantes do sistema nervoso central (SNC) contra infecções em geral e contra o coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causador da COVID-19. Destaca-se a gravidade do atual momento frente ao avanço da COVID-19 em nosso País, o que torna mais evidente e importante a criação de guia de referência para orientação aos médicos, pacientes e autoridades de saúde pública quanto à vacinação, meio efetivo e seguro no controle de determinadas doenças infecciosa. O DCNI/ABN e o BCTRIMS recomendam que os pacientes com doenças desmielinizantes do SNC (ex., EM e NMOSD) sejam constantemente monitorados, quanto a atualização do seu calendário vacinal, especialmente, no início ou antes da mudança do tratamento com uma droga modificadora de doença (DMD). É importante também salientar que as vacinas são seguras e os médicos devem estimular o seu uso em todos os pacientes. Evidentemente, deve ser dada especial atenção às vacinas com vírus vivos atenuados. Por fim, é importante que os médicos verifiquem qual DMD o paciente está em uso e quando foi feita a sua última dose, pois cada fármaco pode interagir de forma diferente com a indução da resposta imune.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical features and disease outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). METHODS: The Neuroimmunology Brazilian Study Group has set up the report of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV2) cases in patients with NMOSD (pwNMOSD) using a designed web-based case report form. All neuroimmunology outpatient centers and individual neurologists were invited to register their patients across the country. Data collected between March 19 and July 25, 2020, were uploaded at the REDONE.br platform. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) NMOSD diagnosis according to the 2015 International Panel Criteria and (2) confirmed SARS-CoV2 infection (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or serology) or clinical suspicion of COVID-19, diagnosed according to Center for Disease Control / Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CDC/CSTE) case definition. Demographic and NMOSD-related clinical data, comorbidities, disease-modifying therapy (DMT), COVID-19 clinical features, and severity were described. RESULTS: Among the 2,061 pwNMOSD followed up by Brazilian neurologists involved on the registry of COVID-19 in pwNMOSD at the REDONE.br platform, 34 patients (29 women) aged 37 years (range 8-77), with disease onset at 31 years (range 4-69) and disease duration of 6 years (range 0.2-20.5), developed COVID-19 (18 confirmed and 16 probable cases). Most patients exhibited mild disease, being treated at home (77%); 4 patients required admission at intensive care units (severe cases); and 1 patient died. Five of 34 (15%) presented neurologic manifestations (relapse or pseudoexacerbation) during or after SARS-CoV2 infection. DISCUSSION: Most NMOSD patients with COVID-19 presented mild disease forms. However, pwNMOSD had much higher odds of hospitalization and intensive care unit admission comparing with the general Brazilian population. The frequency of death was not clearly different. NMOSD disability, DMT type, and comorbidities were not associated with COVID-19 outcome. SARS-CoV2 infection was demonstrated as a risk factor for NMOSD relapses. Collaborative studies using shared NMOSD data are needed to suitably define factors related to COVID-19 severity and neurologic manifestations.

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An imbalance of inflammatory/anti-inflammatory and oxidant/antioxidant molecules has been implicated in the demyelination and axonal damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). The current study aimed to evaluate the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR)1, sTNFR2, adiponectin, hydroperoxides, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), nitric oxide metabolites, total plasma antioxidant capacity using the total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), sulfhydryl (SH) groups, as well as serum levels of zinc in 174 MS patients and 182 controls. The results show that MS is characterized by lowered levels of zinc, adiponectin, TRAP, and SH groups and increased levels of AOPP. MS was best predicted by a combination of lowered levels of zinc, adiponectin, TRAP, and SH groups yielding an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC/ROC) curve of 0.986 (±0.005). The combination of these four antioxidants with sTNFR2 showed an AUC/ROC of 0.997 and TRAP, adiponectin, and zinc are the most important biomarkers for MS diagnosis followed at a distance by sTNFR2. Support vector machine with tenfold validation performed on the four antioxidants showed a training accuracy of 92.9% and a validation accuracy of 90.6%. The results indicate that lowered levels of those four antioxidants are associated with MS and that these antioxidants are more important biomarkers of MS than TNF-α signaling and nitro-oxidative biomarkers. Adiponectin, TRAP, SH groups, zinc, and sTNFR2 play a role in the pathophysiology of MS, and a combination of these biomarkers is useful for predicting MS with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Drugs that increase the antioxidant capacity may offer novel therapeutic opportunities for MS.

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An association between prolactinemia with disability, clinical forms, and sex of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of prolactin with clinical forms and accumulating disability over time in patients with MS. A longitudinal study was carried out with 101 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 19 with progressive forms of MS (ProgMS). The disability over time, as well as prolactin and ferritin serum levels were evaluated at baseline (T0), 8-month follow-up (T8), and 16-month follow-up. The disability at T0, T8, and T16 was higher among patients with ProgMS than those with RRMS. Prolactin and ferritin levels did not differ over time between both groups. Initially, prolactin was associated with MS disability. After introducing age and sex, the effects of prolactin on disability were no longer significant. Prolactin was associated with age and sex, whereby age was positively associated with disability. In the same way, after introducing age and sex, the effects of diagnosis on prolactin levels, as well as the association between prolactin and ferritin, were no longer significant (P = 0.563 and P = 0.599, respectively). Moreover, 21.6% of the variance in the disability was predicted by age (P < 0.001), and sex (P = 0.049), while prolactin was not significant. In conclusion, the effects of prolactin on the disability and clinical forms of MS patients may be spurious results because those correlations reflect the positive associations of age with the disability and the negative association of age with prolactin.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of immune-inflammatory, metabolic, hormonal, and oxidative stress biomarkers in disability progression (DP) and clinical forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The study evaluated 140 MS patients at admission (T0), and eight (T8) and 16 months (T16) later. The Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) and biomarkers were determined at T0, T8, and T16. A DP index (DPI) defined as an increase of ≥1 rank on the EDSS score indicated that 39.3% of the patients had significant DP. Quantification of the ordinal EDSS rank score was performed using optimal scaling methods. Categorical regression showed that the quantitative T16 EDSS score was predicted by T0 homocysteine (Hcy), T0 parathormone (PTH), T0 advanced oxidized protein products (AOPP) (all positively), low T0 vitamin D (<18.3 ng/mL) and T8 folic acid (<5 ng/mL) concentrations while higher T8 calcium concentrations (≥8.90 mg/dL) had protective effects. Linear Mixed Models showed that the change in EDSS from T0 to T16 was significantly associated with changes in IL-17 (positively) and IL-4 (inversely) independently from the significant effects of clinical MS forms, treatment modalities, smoking, age and systemic arterial hypertension. Hcy, PTH, IL-6, and IL-4 were positively associated with progressive versus relapsing-remitting MS while 25(OH)D was inversely associated. In conclusion, the ordinal EDSS scale is an adequate instrument to assess DP after category value estestimation. Aberrations in immune-inflammatory, metabolic and hormonal biomarkers are associated with DP and with the progressive form of MS.

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BACKGROUND: The association between tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR)1 and sTNFR2 with clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether TNF-α, sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 are associated with MS diagnosis, disability, disability progression and clinical forms of MS. MATERIALS AND SUBJECTS: The study included 147 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 21 with progressive clinical forms (ProgMS) and 70 controls. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) evaluated disability as mild (EDSS < 3.0) or moderate/high (EDSS ≥ 3.0). Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) evaluated disability progression as no progression (MSSS < 5) and progression (MSSS ≥ 5). Baseline data of subjects and plasma levels of TNF-α, sTNFR1, sTNFR2 were obtained. RESULTS: The MS diagnosis explained 44.6% and 12.3% of TNF-α and sTNFR2 levels, respectively. Moderate/high disability and disability progression were best predicted by sTNFR1 and age (positively) and ProgMS were best predicted by sTNFR1 (positively) and sTNFR2 (negatively), coupled with age and sex. A composite score reflecting the sTNFR1/sTNFR2 ratio showed a positive association with ProgMS after adjusting for age and sex. CONCLUSION: Increased sTNFR1 and age were positively associated with disability and disability progression, whereas increased sTNFR1 (positively) and sTNFR2 (negatively) were associated with ProgMS, suggesting a distinct role of them in the immunopathological mechanisms of MS.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between rs3761548 FOXP3 (-3279 C > A) variant and multiple sclerosis (MS), disability, disability progression, as well as transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1 and interleukin (IL)-10 plasma levels in MS patients. METHODS AND SUBJECTS: The study included 170 MS patients and 182 controls. Disability was evaluated using Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and categorized as mild (EDSS ≤ 3) and moderate/high (EDSS > 3). Disability progression was evaluated using Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS). The rs3761548 variant was determined with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Plasma levels of TGF-ß1 and IL-10 were determined using immunofluorimetric assay. RESULTS: CA and AA genotypes were associated with MS [odds ratio (OR) 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.66-3.53, p = 0.012; OR 8.19, 95% CI 3.04-22.07, p < 0.001, respectively). With the dominant model, the CA + AA genotypes were associated with MS (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.50-4.37, p < 0.001). In the recessive model, the AA genotype was also associated with MS (OR 5.38, 95% CI 2.12-13.64, p < 0.001). After adjustment by age, ethnicity, BMI and smoking, all these results remained significant, as well as female patients carrying the CA + AA genotypes showed higher TGF-ß1 than those carrying the CC genotype (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.001-1.054, p = 0.043). No association was observed between the genotypes and disability, disability progression and IL-10 levels. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the A allele of FOXP3 -3279 C > A variant may exert a role in the T regulatory cell function, which could be one of the factors involved in the susceptibility for MS in females.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune-inflammatory, metabolic, and nitro-oxidative stress (IM&NO) biomarkers as predictors of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. A total of 122 patients with MS were included; their disability was evaluated using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and IM&NO biomarkers were evaluated in peripheral blood samples. Patients with EDSS ≥3 were older and showed higher homocysteine, uric acid, advanced oxidized protein products (AOPP) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and higher rate of metabolic syndrome (MetS), while high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was lower than in patients with EDSS <3; 84.6% of all patients were correctly classified in these EDSS subgroups. We found that 36.3% of the variance in EDSS score was explained by age, Th17/T regulatory (Treg) and LDL/HDL ratios and homocysteine (all positively related) and body mass index (BMI) (inversely related). After adjusting for MS treatment modalities, the effects of the LDL/HDL and zTh17/Treg ratios, homocysteine and age on disability remained, whilst BMI was no longer significant. Moreover, carbonyl proteins were associated with increased disability. In conclusion, the results showed that an inflammatory Th17 profile coupled with age and increased carbonyl proteins were the most important variables associated with high disability followed at a distance by homocysteine, MetS and LDL/HDL ratio. These data underscore that IM&NO pathways play a key role in increased disability in MS patient and may be possible new targets for the treatment of these patients. Moreover, a panel of these laboratory biomarkers may be used to predict the disability in MS.

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The aims of this study were to verify whether hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with disability progression in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients and whether TNF pathways and cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) are involved in this process. This study included 180 MS patients, who were divided according to their levels of homocysteine (Hyperhomocysteinemia ≥11.35 µmol/L) and 204 healthy individuals (control group). MS patients showed higher levels of homocysteine (p < 0.001), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, p < 0.001), TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1, p = 0.038), TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2, p < 0.001), and lower levels of PECAM (p = 0.001), ICAM (p < 0.001) and VCAM (p = 0.005) than controls. The multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that plasma levels of homocysteine, TNFR1, TNFR2 and PECAM were associated with the presence of disease. MS patients with hyperhomocysteinemia showed higher disease progression evaluated by the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS, p < 0.001), disability evaluated by Expanded Disability Status Score EDSS (p < 0.001), TNFR1 (p = 0.039) and ICAM (p = 0.034) than MS patients with lower levels of homocysteine. Hyperhomocysteinemia was independently associated with MSSS in MS patients, but were not associated with TNF-α, TNFR, and CAM. Homocysteine levels was higher in progressive forms than relapsing-remitting MS (p < 0.001), independently of sex and age. In conclusion, this is the first study in which homocysteinemia was associated with progression of the disease (MSSS), although this finding was not directly related to TNF-α and TNFR pathways or to CAM.

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The aim of this study was to assess vitamin D status in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to evaluate whether it was associated with oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) markers and disability. This study included 137 patients with MS and 218 healthy controls. The markers evaluated were serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, lipid hydroperoxides, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter TRAP/UA. Patients with 25(OH)D<20ng/mL showed higher EDSS (p=0.016), MSSS (p=0.005) and lower AOPP (p=0.046) than those with 25(OH)D≥20ng/mL. After the binary logistic regression analyses, EDSS and MSSS remained significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency. We showed that lower levels of 25(OH)D were associated with higher EDSS and MSSS independently of variables such as O&NS, age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, MS therapy, use of interferon beta, and clinical forms of MS (odds ratio: 1.380, 95% confidence interval 1.030-1.843, p=0.031). Moreover, the study showed an association between serum levels of 25(OH)D and EDSS (r2=0.115, p=0.002), demonstrating that 25(OH)D may contribute with 11.5% of increase in EDSS. Our results suggest that vitamin D deficiency may be considered one of the predictors of the disability in MS patients, independently of their redox status and influence the progression of disability in MS.

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Depression is accompanied by metabolic disorders in iron metabolism, lipoproteins, and insulin resistance. We measured plasma levels of ferritin, iron, lipids, insulin, and glucose and computed the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA2IR) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in MS patients with and without depression and healthy controls. Explanatory variables were serum uric acid, interleukin (IL)-6, lipid hydroperoxides (CL-LOOH), albumin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Depression was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), neurological disability using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and disease progression using ∆EDSS over five years earlier. HOMA2IR and insulin were predicted by diagnosis (increased in MS), age and body mass index (BMI); AIP by diagnosis, sex, BMI, CRP, and uric acid; triglycerides by diagnosis (higher in MS without depression), age, BMI and uric acid; ferritin by diagnosis (higher in MS), sex, CRP, and albumin; and iron by albumin. The HADS score was significantly predicted by ∆EDSS, gastro-intestinal symptoms, iron (inverse), and age. MS is characterized by significantly increased insulin resistance, which is determined by increased insulin levels; and increased ferritin, a biomarker of inflammation. Depression in MS is not associated with increased insulin resistance and atherogenicity but with lowered iron.

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Hyperferritinemia and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of ferritin and to verify their association with oxidative stress markers and MS progression. This study included 164 MS patients, which were divided in two groups according to their levels of ferritin (cut off 125.6µg/L). Oxidative stress was evaluated by tert-butyl hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence (CL-LOOH), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), carbonyl protein, nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), sulfhydryl groups of protein and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP). MS patients with elevated levels of ferritin showed higher disease progression (p=0.030), AOPP (p=0.001), and lower plasma NOx levels (p=0.031) and TRAP (p=0.006) than MS patients with lower ferritin levels. The multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that increased AOPP and progression of disease were significantly and positively associated with increase of ferritin. The combination of serum ferritin levels and oxidative stress markers were responsible for 13,9% in the disease progression. In conclusion, our results suggest that ferritin could aggravate oxidative stress in patients with MS and contribute to progression of disease.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report the frequency of autoimmune disorders and autoantibodies in 22 patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), as well as whether the seropositivity for autoantibodies differs between anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4) positive and AQP4 negative NMO patients. METHODS: Demographic, medical records, and a profile of autoantibodies were evaluated in 22 NMO patients, including AQP4, anti-thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-thyroperoxidase (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), anti-double-stranded DNA, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic, anti-cyclic citrullinate peptide, rheumatoid factor, anti-SSA/Ro, anti-SSB/La, anti-Smith antibodies (anti-Sm), anti-ribonucleoprotein, anti-nucleosome, and anti-Scl70. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxin were measured. RESULTS: The frequency of women was higher than men (95.5% vs. 4.5%) and 68.2% were Afro-Brazilians. Six (27.3%) patients presented other autoimmune disorders, such as Hashimoto thyroiditis (n=2), Graves' disease (n=1), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n=1), systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis (n=1), and Raynaud's phenomenon (n=1). The most frequent autoantibodies were anti-AQP4 (54.5%), anti-nucleosome (31.8%), ANA (27.3%), anti-TPO (22.7%), and anti-Tg (22.7%). Difference was not observed in the frequency of autoimmune disorders when the patients were compared according to their anti-AQP4 status. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study underscored that the NMO patients present high frequency of autoantibodies against cellular antigens and the presence of autoimmune disorders. Further studies with large number of NMO patients may contribute to advances in the understanding of NMO disease mechanisms.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate inflammatory, oxidative, and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) blood markers as possible predictors of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its clinical forms. This study included 258 MS patients (175 with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 83 with progressive MS clinical forms) and 249 healthy individuals. Peripheral blood samples were obtained to determine serum levels of albumin, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), total protein, lipid hydroperoxide by tert-butyl hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence (CL-LOOH), carbonyl protein content, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP). MS patients showed higher ferritin (p < 0.001) and CL-LOOH (p < 0.001) and lower albumin (p = 0.001), TRAP (p < 0.001), AOPP (p = 0.013), and NOx values (p < 0.001) than controls. Difference was not observed in CRP, total protein, and carbonyl proteins between patients and controls. In the logistic regression age-adjusted, ferritin and CL-LOOH showed positive association with MS and were predictors of MS development (OR: 1.006, 95 % CI: 1.003-1.009, p < 0.001 and OR: 1.029, 95 % CI: 1.007-1.052, p = 0.009, respectively). Albumin, TRAP, AOPP, and NOx were negatively associated with MS (p = 0.019, p = 0.003, p = 0.001, and p = 0.003, respectively). Moreover, other logistic regression age-adjusted showed that MS patients with progressive clinical forms had lower albumin and higher AOPP than those with RRMS (p = 0.037). In conclusion, ferritin, albumin, and biomarkers of IO&NS, such as CL-LOOH, AOPP, TRAP, and NOx were predictors of MS diagnosis, whereas albumin and AOPP were predictors that differentiated RRMS from the progressive clinical forms of MS.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the TNFß NcoI polymorphism (rs909253) and immune-inflammatory, oxidative, and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) biomarkers as predictors of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). We included 212 MS patients (150 female, 62 male, mean (±standard deviation (SD)) age = 42.7 ± 13.8 years) and 249 healthy controls (177 female, 72 male, 36.8 ± 11 years). The disability was measured the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) in 2006 and 2011. We determined the TNFß NcoI polymorphism and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17, albumin, ferritin, and plasma levels of lipid hydroperoxides (CL-LOOH), carbonyl protein, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP). The mean EDSS (±SD) in 2006 was 1.62 ± 2.01 and in 2011 3.16 ± 2.29, and disease duration was 7.34 ± 7.0 years. IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, AOPP, and NOx levels were significantly higher and IL-4 lower in MS patients with a higher 2011 EDSS scores (≥3) as compared with those with EDSS < 3. The actual increases in EDSS from 2006 to 2011 were positively associated with TNF-α and IFN-γ. Increased IFN-γ values were associated with higher pyramidal symptoms and increased IL-6 with sensitive symptoms. Increased carbonyl protein and IL-10 but lowered albumin levels predicted cerebellar symptoms. The TNFB1/B2 genotype decreased risk towards progression of pyramidal symptoms. Treatments with IFN-ß and glatiramer acetate significantly reduced TNF-α but did not affect the other IO&NS biomarkers or disease progression. Taken together, IO&NS biomarkers and NcoI TNFß genotypes predict high disability in MS and are associated with different aspects of disease progression. New drugs to treat MS should also target oxidative stress pathways.

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Inflammation is the driving force for brain injury in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of the present study is to delineate the serum cytokine profile in patients with progressive MS in a Southern Brazilian population compared with healthy controls and patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and its associations with disease progression and disability. We included 32 patients with progressive MS, 126 with RRMS, and 40 healthy controls. The patients were evaluated using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium. Serum interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-10, IL-4, and IL-17 levels were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, and IL-10 levels were higher in progressive MS than in controls. Increased IL-1ß and IFN-γ and decreased IL-12 and IL-4 levels were found in progressive MS compared with RRMS. Patients with progressive MS with disease progression presented higher TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 levels than those without disease progression. Patients with progressive MS with disease progression showed a higher frequency of positive gadolinium-enhanced lesions in MRI; higher TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 levels; and decreased IL-12 levels compared with RRMS patients with progression. There was a significant inverse correlation between IL-10 levels and EDSS score in patients with progressive MS. The results underscore the complex cytokine network imbalance exhibited by progressive MS patients and show the important involvement of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 in the pathophysiology and progression of the disease. Moreover, serum IL-10 levels were inversely associated with disability in patients with progressive MS.

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UNLABELLED: The Neurological Fatigue Index for Multiple Sclerosis (NFI-MS) is a new fatigue assessment instrument. The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt and assess the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the NFI-MS (NFI-MS/BR). METHOD: Two hundred and forty subjects with MS were recruited for this study. The adaptation of the NFI-MS was performed by translation and back translation methodology. In psychometric analysis was performed the administration of the questionnaires Epworth Sleep Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29, NFI-MS/BR and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index with retest of the NFI-MS/BR after 7 days. RESULTS: Reliability was assessed (intraclass correlation coefficients between 0.77 and 0.86), and validity by testing 41 hypotheses about expected correlations between subscales and confirmed 36. The majority of correlations were demonstrated. CONCLUSION: The NFI-MS/BR is a cross-culturally adapted, valid, and reliable instrument for assessing MS fatigue among Brazilian subjects.

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ABSTRACT The Neurological Fatigue Index for Multiple Sclerosis (NFI-MS) is a new fatigue assessment instrument. The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt and assess the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the NFI-MS (NFI-MS/BR). Method Two hundred and forty subjects with MS were recruited for this study. The adaptation of the NFI-MS was performed by translation and back translation methodology. In psychometric analysis was performed the administration of the questionnaires Epworth Sleep Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29, NFI-MS/BR and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index with retest of the NFI-MS/BR after 7 days. Results Reliability was assessed (intraclass correlation coefficients between 0.77 and 0.86), and validity by testing 41 hypotheses about expected correlations between subscales and confirmed 36. The majority of correlations were demonstrated. Conclusion The NFI-MS/BR is a cross-culturally adapted, valid, and reliable instrument for assessing MS fatigue among Brazilian subjects.

RESUMO O índice neurológico de fadiga na esclerose múltipla (EM) (NFI-MS) é um novo instrumento de avaliação da fadiga. O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar transculturalmente e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão Brasileira do NFI-MS (NFI-MS/BR). Método Duzentos e quarenta indivíduos com EM participaram deste estudo. A adaptação do NFI-MS/BR foi feita por meio de tradução e retrotradução. Na análise psicométrica foi realizada administração dos questionários Escala de Sono de Epworth, Escala de Severidade de Fadiga, Escala Modificada de Impacto de Fadiga, Escala de Impacto de EM, NFI-MS/BR e Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh com reteste do NFI-MS/BR em 7 dias. Resultados A confiabilidade foi avaliada (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse entre 0,77 e 0,86), e a validade foi avaliada testando 41 hipóteses sobre as correlações esperadas com confirmação de 36 hipóteses. A maioria das correlações da validade de constructo foi demonstrada. Conclusão O NFI-MS/BR é um instrumento adaptado transculturalmente, válido e confiável para avaliar fadiga em indivíduos brasileiros com EM.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between inflammatory and metabolic markers and short-time outcome with acute ischemic stroke subtypes. A total of 121 patients was classified according to TOAST criteria, such as large artery atherosclerosis (LAAS), lacunar infarct (LAC), cardioembolic infarct (CEI), other determined etiology (ODE), and undetermined etiology (UDE). The functional impairment was evaluated within the first eight hours of stroke and the outcome after three-month follow-up using the modified Rankin Scale. Blood samples were obtained up to 24 h of stroke. Compared with 96 controls, patients with LAAS, CEI, and LAC subtypes showed higher levels of white blood cells, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), glucose, and iron (p < 0.05); and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p < 0.0001); platelets, insulin, insulin resistance, and homocysteine were higher in LAC (p < 0.0001); ferritin was higher in LAAS (p < 0.0001); and total cholesterol (TC) was lower in LAAS and CEI (p < 0.01). When stroke subtypes were compared, insulin was higher in LAAS vs. LAC and in LAC vs. CEI (p < 0.05); and TC was lower in LAAS vs. LAC (p < 0.05). Outcome and rate of mortality after three-month were higher in LAAS vs. LAC (p < 0.001 and p = 0.0391 respectively). The results underscored the important role of the inflammatory response and metabolic changes in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke subtypes that might be considered on the initial evaluation of stroke patients to identify those that could benefit with individualized therapeutic strategies that taken into account these markers after acute ischemic event.

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