RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to clarify the morphological characteristics of the Lisfranc ligament and the cuneiform 1-metatarsal 2&3 plantar ligament (CMPL). METHODS: Forty legs from 20 cadavers were examined. Classification proceeded according to the number of fiber bundles in the Lisfranc ligament and the CMPL. Morphological features measured were fiber bundle length, width, thickness, and angle. RESULTS: In Type I-a, the Lisfranc ligament and the CMPL were a single fiber bundle; in Type I-b, the Lisfranc ligament was a single fiber bundle, and the CMPL was two fiber bundles; in Type II-a, the Lisfranc ligament was a two fiber bundle, and the CMPL was a single fiber bundle; in Type II-b, the Lisfranc ligament and the CMPL were two fiber bundles; in Type III-a, the Lisfranc ligament was three fiber bundles, and the CMPL was a single fiber bundle; in Type III-b, the Lisfranc ligament was three fiber bundles, and the CMPL was two fiber bundles; in Type IV, the Lisfranc ligament and the CMPL could not be separated. Type I-a was seen in 37.5%, Type I-b in 10%, Type II-a in 30%, Type II-b in 7.5%, Type III-a in 7.5%, Type III-b in 2.5%, and Type IV in 5%. The Lisfranc ligament was significantly larger than the CMPL in total fiber bundle width, total fiber bundle thickness, and total fiber bundle angle. CONCLUSION: The Lisfranc ligament had up to 3 fiber bundles and the CMPL had one or two fiber bundles; classifications were four types and two subgroups.
Asunto(s)
Pie/anatomía & histología , Ligamentos Articulares/anatomía & histología , Metatarso/anatomía & histología , Placa Plantar/anatomía & histología , Huesos Tarsianos/anatomía & histología , Cadáver , Femenino , Traumatismos de los Pies/patología , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of this basic research study was to clarify the morphological characteristics of the posterior oblique fibers (POL) of the ulnar collateral ligament using a large number of specimens. METHODS: This study examined 50 arms from 25 Japanese cadavers. Type classification was performed by focusing on the positional relationship between POL morphology and the joint capsule. The morphological features measured were fiber bundle length, width, and thickness. RESULTS: The POL was classified as follows: Type I, the POL's anterior and posterior edges are located on the surface of the joint capsule and can be separated as a single fiber bundle; Type II-a, the POL anterior edge can be separated, but the posterior edge cannot be separated; Type II-b, the POL posterior edge can be separated, but the anterior edge cannot be separated; and Type III, the POL cannot be separated from the joint capsule. Type I was seen in 23 elbows (46%), Type II-a in 6 elbows (12%), Type II-b in 7 elbows (14%), and Type III in 14 elbows (28%). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that the POL could be classified into an independent type and an unclear type, and the presence of the unclear type was one of the factors that caused morphological variation.
Asunto(s)
Variación Anatómica , Ligamento Colateral Cubital/anatomía & histología , Articulación del Codo/anatomía & histología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Cadáver , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The deep component of the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL) was classified by type in this large-scale cadaveric study to provide basic information that will help elucidate the mechanisms underlying ankle joint posterior impingement syndrome. METHODS: This investigation examined 100 legs from 49 Japanese cadavers (mean age at death, 79 ± 11 years; 58 sides from men, 42 from women). In classification, absence of an independent fiber of the deep component of the PITFL were classified as Type I, an independent fiber of the deep component of the PITFL was classified as Type II-a, an independent fiber of the deep component of the PITFL with bundles of fibers connected to the posterior intermalleolar ligament (PIML) was classified as Type II-b, and an independent fiber of the deep component of PITFL with a band shape connected to the PIML was classified as Type III. RESULTS: A deep component of the PITFL was present in all specimens. An independent fiber of the deep component of the PITFL was present in 37 legs (37%), connecting to the deep component of the PITFL and PIML in 26 (70.3%). Several types of deep component of the PITFL were identified: Type I in 63 legs (63%); Type II-a in 11 (11%); Type IIb in 12 (12%); and Type III in 14 (14%). No significant differences were seen between the right and left legs. Type I male were significantly more than Type I female (p < 0.05). Type III female were significantly more than Type III male (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Strong relationships exist between the PITFL and PIML.
Asunto(s)
Variación Anatómica , Articulación del Tobillo/anomalías , Artropatías/etiología , Ligamentos Articulares/anomalías , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Cadáver , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the morphological characteristics of the cervical ligament (CL). METHODS: This study examined 80 legs from 40 Japanese cadavers. The CL was classified by the number of fiber bundles. The morphological features measured were fiber bundle length, width, thickness, and angle with the sagittal plane. RESULTS: The CL was classified as follows: Type I, the CL is a single fiber; Type II, the CL consists of a superficial fiber and an inferior fiber; and Type III, the CL consists of a superficial fiber, intermediate fiber, and inferior fiber. Type I was seen in 15 feet, Type II in 57 feet, and Type III in 8 feet. In comparisons of morphological features within each type, significant differences were seen in fiber bundle length, width, and angle between superior fiber bundles and inferior fiber bundles of Type II and Type III. In comparison among types, the total fiber bundle width was significantly wider in Type II and Type III than in Type I, and the angle was significantly smaller in Type III than in Type I. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that each type may have different sub-talar joint control functions.
Asunto(s)
Variación Anatómica , Ligamentos Colaterales/anatomía & histología , Articulación Talocalcánea/anatomía & histología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Cadáver , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: In the present study, the posterior intermalleolar ligament (PIML) was classified by type using large-scale cadavers to provide basic information to help elucidate the mechanism of ankle joint posterior impingement syndrome. METHODS: This investigation examined 100 legs from 49 Japanese cadavers (mean age at death, 79 ± 11 years; 58 sides from men, 42 from women). In the classification method, an absent PIML was classified as Type I, a PIML with one fiber bundle (attachment to one place) was Type II, a PIML with two fiber bundles (attachment to two places) was Type III, and a PIML with three fiber bundles (attachment to three or more places) was Type IV. Furthermore, according to other adhering tissues, they were further subdivided and classified by type. RESULTS: There were various types of PIML: 19 (19%) Type I; 24 (24%) Type II; 23 (23%) Type III; and 34 (34%) Type IV. A PIML was present in 81 legs (81%). There were no significant differences between men and women and between left and right sides. CONCLUSIONS: The complex relationships of the PIML with the surrounding ligaments and tissues are considered to be among the factors that make interpretation of imaging findings difficult.
Asunto(s)
Variación Anatómica , Articulación del Tobillo/anatomía & histología , Ligamentos Articulares/anatomía & histología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Cadáver , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
In this study, the inferior fascicle of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) was classified to provide basic information to help elucidate the mechanism of ankle joint anterolateral impingement, and the morphological features of each type were compared for the purpose of clarification. This investigation examined 100 feet from 52 cadavers. The AITFL was classified into four types according to the presence or absence of the inferior fascicle and the positional relationship between the AITFL and the inferior fascicle of the AITFL. The morphological features of the AITFL that were measured included the fibre bundle length, fibre bundle width, fibre bundle angle, and the distance between the joint levels. A distinct, independent inferior fascicle of the AITFL was identified in 15 feet (15%). There were no significant differences in the morphological features based on differences in the AITFL classification. Therefore, these findings suggest that the presence or absence of the inferior fascicle and the difference in the positional relationship between the AITFL and the inferior fascicle of the AITFL are less likely to be involved in impingement during ankle dorsiflexion.
Asunto(s)
Peroné/anatomía & histología , Ligamentos Laterales del Tobillo/anatomía & histología , Astrágalo/anatomía & histología , Tibia/anatomía & histología , Anciano , Cadáver , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Damage to the bifurcate ligament is one of the most difficult injuries to diagnose from imaging techniques. A probable reason for this is that the morphological characteristics of this structure have yet to be sufficiently elucidated. We, therefore, endeavored to elucidate the morphological characteristics of the bifurcate ligament through a large-scale study involving numerous specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 100 feet from 52 formalin-fixed cadavers. The bifurcate ligament was classified into three types: presence of both calcaneonavicular ligament and calcaneocuboid ligament (Type I); absence of calcaneocuboid ligament (Type II); and absence of calcaneonavicular ligament (Type III). Morphological characteristics of the bifurcate ligament were determined by measuring fiber bundle length, width, and thickness at the center of each ligament. RESULTS: This classification resulted in 68 Type I feet (68%), 32 Type II feet (32%), and 0 Type III feet (0%). The calcaneonavicular ligament was 20.8 ± 2.9 mm long, 4.9 ± 1.2 mm wide, and 3.8 ± 1.1 mm thick. The calcaneocuboid ligament was approximately 10.5 ± 2.7 mm long, 4.7 ± 2.4 mm wide, and 1.5 ± 0.6 mm thick. The bifurcate ligament was located deep under the extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis muscles in all specimens. The calcaneal origin of the calcaneonavicular ligament was situated deep under the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament in all specimens. Two sides were identified in which the calcaneocuboid ligament was located deep under the dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament. CONCLUSION: Such variations and positional relationships were suggested to be factors complicating the diagnostic imaging of bifurcate ligament injuries. The present study results will likely form useful basic data for diagnostic imaging.
Asunto(s)
Pie/anatomía & histología , Ligamentos Articulares/anatomía & histología , Anciano , Variación Anatómica , Cadáver , Femenino , Traumatismos de los Pies/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Japón , Ligamentos Articulares/lesiones , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
In this study, detailed investigations into the shape of the inferior patellar pole, the site of the patellar tendon attachment, and the length and course of the patellar tendon were performed with the aim of examining the anatomical factors involved in the developmental mechanism of patellar tendinitis. The investigation examined 100 legs from 50 cadavers. The inferior patellar pole was classified into three types: pointed, intermediate, and blunt. The attachment of the patellar tendon to the inferior patellar pole was classified into two types: an anterior and a posterior. The length of the patellar tendon was measured from the tibial tuberosity to the inferior patellar pole. The pointed type was seen in 57% of legs, the intermediate type in 21%, and the blunt type in 22%. Twenty-one legs were the pointed type, as well as the anterior type. The patellar tendon was significantly shorter with the posterior type than with the anterior type. The blunt type also had a significantly shorter patellar tendon than the pointed type. In legs that were both the pointed type and the anterior type, the inferior patellar pole and the proximal posterior surface of the patellar tendon impinged during knee flexion due to the posterior tilt of the patella, suggesting the possibility that this may induce damage. With the posterior type and blunt type, on the other hand, the possibility of strong tensile stress on the tendon fibers of the posterior facet of the inferior patellar pole was suggested.
Asunto(s)
Rótula/anatomía & histología , Ligamento Rotuliano/anatomía & histología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Pueblo Asiatico , Cadáver , Disección , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Masculino , Resistencia a la Tracción , Tibia/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
Although women reportedly have a higher prevalence of medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) than men, the possible role of gender-based anatomical differences has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of gender-based differences in the range of muscle attachments along the entire medial tibia, the proportion of muscle attachment at the middle and distal thirds of the medial margin of the tibia, the structure of the crural fascia, and chiasm position. The specimens were 100 legs of 55 Japanese cadavers. Statistical analysis was carried out using a chi-square test to compare anatomical features between the sexes. The flexor digitorum longus (FDL) had a higher proportion of attachment to the middle and distal thirds of the medial margin of the tibia than the soleus (SOL; P < 0.001). The proportion of the SOL attachment to the middle and distal thirds of the medial margin of the tibia was 33.3% in men and 72.5% in women (P < 0.001). The soleal aponeurosis was not observed in any specimen. In all specimens the FDL formed the top layer of both chiasms. These results suggest that the higher prevalence of MTSS reported among women may be the result of gender-based anatomical differences.
Asunto(s)
Aponeurosis/anatomía & histología , Pierna/anatomía & histología , Síndrome de Estrés Medial de la Tibia/epidemiología , Músculo Esquelético/anatomía & histología , Factores Sexuales , Tibia/anatomía & histología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Cadáver , Fascia/anatomía & histología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Caracteres Sexuales , Distribución por SexoRESUMEN
The Achilles tendon (AT) consists of fascicles that originate from the medial head of the gastrocnemius (MG), lateral head of the gastrocnemius (LG), and soleus muscle (Sol). These fascicles are reported to have a twisted structure. However, there is no consensus as to the degree of torsion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the twisted structure of the AT at the level of fascicles that originate from the MG, LG, and Sol, and elucidate the morphological characteristics. Gross anatomical study of 60 Japanese cadavers (111 legs) was used. The AT fascicles originated from the MG, LG, and Sol were fused while twisting among themselves. There were three classification types depending on the degree of torsion. Further fine separation of each fascicle revealed MG ran fairly parallel in all types, whereas LG and Sol, particularly of the extreme type, were inserted onto the calcaneal tuberosity with strong torsion. In addition, the sites of Sol torsion were 3-5 cm proximal to the calcaneal insertion of the AT. These findings provide promising basic data to elucidate the functional role of the twisted structure and mechanisms for the occurrence of AT injury and other conditions.
Asunto(s)
Tendón Calcáneo/anatomía & histología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Cadáver , Disección , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/anatomía & histología , Factores Sexuales , Torsión MecánicaRESUMEN
Muscle injury frequently occurs in the medial head of the gastrocnemius (MG), and stretching is used for treatment. However, there are no studies based on anatomical considerations and biomechanics. This study therefore examined the macroscopic anatomical structure of the triceps surae muscle to design an effective and selective MG stretching method, before quantitatively verifying that method by ultrasonography. The macroscopic anatomy was analyzed in 16 Japanese cadavers (25 legs). Based on the anatomical findings and the arrangement of fascicles in the MG, we concluded that ankle inversion might be advantageous for selective stretching of the tendon fiber bundles into which the MG inserts. We devised a method in which the limb was initially positioned with the knee joint in extension and the ankle joint in plantar flexion. Then, the ankle was dorsiflexed and inverted. The proposed method was compared with standard stretching and verified by ultrasonography in eight healthy adult males. This method effectively and selectively stretched the MG, producing a significantly decreased pennation angle and increased muscle fiber length. This method may be beneficial for preventing future injuries and may enhance the effect of therapy on the MG.
Asunto(s)
Pierna/fisiología , Ejercicios de Estiramiento Muscular/métodos , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Tendón Calcáneo/anatomía & histología , Tendón Calcáneo/diagnóstico por imagen , Tendón Calcáneo/fisiología , Adulto , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Electromiografía , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Pierna/anatomía & histología , Pierna/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/anatomía & histología , Músculo Esquelético/diagnóstico por imagen , Distribución Aleatoria , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
The external morphology of the papillae linguales (papillae filiformes, papillae fungiformes and papillae vallatae) and their connective tissue cores (CTCs) of the greater Japanese shrew-mole (Urotrichus talpoides) were analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Papillae filiformes were distributed over the dorsal surface of the apex linguae, and on the rostral and caudal regions of the corpus linguae but were less numerous in the mid-region. They were absent from the radix linguae. A pair of oval papillae vallatae was situated at the border between the corpus linguae and the radix linguae. Papillae foliatae were absent. The epithelial surface of each papilla filiformis consisted of a circular concavity, a ring-like wall and either a single thumb-like process or 2-3 slender pointed processes, depending on their location. The morphology of the CTCs of the papillae filiformes also varied regionally. The papillae linguales of the Japanese shrew-mole were morphologically similar to those of other Talpidae and Soricidae, including the common shrew, particularly with respect to the papillae filiformes in the mid- and caudal regions of the corpus linguae.
Asunto(s)
Tejido Conectivo/anatomía & histología , Eulipotyphla/anatomía & histología , Lengua/anatomía & histología , AnimalesRESUMEN
To explore the many osseous irregularities that are found in the area between the basiocciput, the anterior arch of the atlas and the tip of the dens axis we studied 99 cadaver specimens using magnetic resonance tomography (MRT), computed tomography (CT), median saw-cut sections, and histological sections. Additionally, "dry" specimens of the skull (n = 110), atlas (n = 56), and axis (n = 33) were investigated. In the median plane, the dry and cadaver specimens exhibited osteoarthritis-related osseous outgrowths and osteophytes of the articular surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint (n = 63), and the presence of congenitally developed free ossicles (n = 22) and of third occipital condyles (n = 3). The largest osteophytes (giant osteophytes) (n = 4) of the anterior arch of the atlas formed osseous contact zones with the basiocciput that were visible histologically as real joints and were designated accessory median atlanto-occipital joints. The third occipital condyles also formed osseous contact zones, visible histologically as real joints, with the anterior arch of the atlas or with the tip of the dens, and were designated accessory atlanto-occipital or occipito-odontoid joints. Frequent free ossicles, incorporated into the accessory joint, were found by histological examination to be covered with hyaline cartilage.
Asunto(s)
Articulación Atlantoaxoidea/anatomía & histología , Articulación Atlantooccipital/anatomía & histología , Atlas Cervical/anatomía & histología , Apófisis Odontoides/anatomía & histología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Articulación Atlantoaxoidea/patología , Articulación Atlantooccipital/patología , Enfermedades Óseas/patología , Cadáver , Atlas Cervical/patología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Apófisis Odontoides/patologíaRESUMEN
A compound conjunction between basiocciput, atlas (anterior arch), and dens of axis (odontoid process) was found incidentally during routine dissection of the head of an 83-year-old man. According to the patient's history, no neck disability had been recorded. A median saw-cut of the head-and-neck conjunction revealed that the basion was anteriorly reinforced by an osseous pillar 4 mm in length and 3 mm in width. Such a formation is known as a third occipital condyle (condylus tertius, CT). In our case it exhibited one surface oriented in an anterior-inferior direction and articulating with the superior border of the anterior arch of the atlas, and another surface oriented in a posterior-inferior direction and articulating with the superior portion of the dens of axis. The dens of axis itself articulated with the anterior arch of the atlas, forming the (normal) median atlanto-axial joint. Post-mortem computed tomography and post-mortem histological examination completed the investigation. The cartilage of the articular compartment between the CT and the anterior arch of the atlas and the related anterior fibrous disc exhibited severe arthrosis. The findings were discussed in the light of developmental and comparative anatomy.
Asunto(s)
Articulación Atlantoaxoidea/anomalías , Cartílago Articular/anatomía & histología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Articulación Atlantoaxoidea/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Masculino , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
The structure of precursors to fungiform papillae without taste buds, prior to the arrival of sensory nerve fibers at the papillae, was examined in the fetal rat on embryonic day 13 (E13) and 16 (E16) by light and transmission electron microscopy in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of morphogenesis of these papillae. At E13, a row of rudiments of fungiform papillae was arranged along both sides of the median sulcus of the lingual dorsal surface, and each row consisted of about 10 rudiments. There was no apparent direct contact between papillae rudiments and sensory nerves at this time. Bilaterally towards the lateral side of the tongue, adjacent to these first rudiments of fungiform papillae, a series of cord-like invaginations of the dorsal epithelium of the tongue into the underlying connective tissue, representing additional papillary primordia parallel to the first row, was observed. The basal end of each invagination was enlarged as a round bulge, indented at its tip by a mound of fibroblasts protruding into the bulge. At E16 there was still no apparent direct contact between rudiments of fungiform papillae and sensory nerves. Each rudiment apically contained a spherical core of aggregating cells, which consisted of a dense assembly of large, oval cells unlike those in other areas of the lingual dorsal epithelium. The differentiation of these aggregated cells was unclear. The basal lamina was clearly recognizable between the epithelium of the rudiment of fungiform papillae and the underlying connective tissue. Spherical structures, which appeared to be sections of the cord-like invaginations of the lingual epithelium that appeared on E13, were observed within the connective tissue separated from the dorsal lingual epithelium. Transverse sections of such structures revealed four concentric layers of cells: a central core, an inner shell, an outer shell, and a layer of large cells. Bundles of fibers were arranged in the central core, and the diameters of bundles varied somewhat depending on the depth of the primordia within the connective tissue and their distance from the median sulcus. Ultrastructural features of cells in the outer shell differed significantly in rudiments close to the lingual epithelium as compared to those in deeper areas of connective tissue. Around the outer shell there was a large-cell layer consisting of one to three layers of radially elongated, oval cells that contained many variously sized, electron-dense, round granules. Large numbers of fibroblasts formed dense aggregates around each spherical rudiment, and were separated by the basal lamina from the large-cell epithelial layer. Progressing from deep-lying levels of the rudiments of the papillae to levels close to the lingual surface epithelium, the central core, inner shell, and outer shell gradually disappeared from the invaginated papillary cords.
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Papilas Gustativas/embriología , Papilas Gustativas/ultraestructura , Animales , Desarrollo Embrionario y Fetal , Edad Gestacional , Microscopía Electrónica , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Bone resorption and bone formation occur throughout life. We measured CT film from the femora of human subjects and studied how remodeling change affected the size of marrow cavities in long bones. In total of 448 subjects using the right femora ranging in age from 16 to 95 years, 293 males and 155 females were studied. The part measured was the upper one-forth of the femora. A positive correlation in regards to age, circumference, and area of marrow cavities was demonstrated in male and female subjects (p < 0.001). Marrow cavities were found to grow with age. The percentage of growth in marrow cavities was greater in female subjects than in male subjects. However, the rate of marrow cavity enlargement with age differed in male subjects compared with female subjects. We grouped our data into three categories: group 1 (under 40 years), group 2 (40-60 years), and group 3 (over 60 years). We found a large difference between group 2 and group 3 of male subjects. This difference suggests that a reduction in bone volume with age affects bone marrow enlargement. A large difference in females between group 1 and group 2 was noticed, but a difference in females between group 2 and group 3 was not observed. In female subjects, change in marrow cavity enlargement occurred in subjects in their 40's and 50's. We speculate that the reason for enlargement of the bone marrow in subjects in their 50's is due to a reduction of bone volume after postmenopausal change.
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Envejecimiento/patología , Médula Ósea/patología , Fémur/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Médula Ósea/diagnóstico por imagen , Médula Ósea/fisiología , Remodelación Ósea , Femenino , Fémur/diagnóstico por imagen , Fémur/fisiología , Humanos , Masculino , Menopausia/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
A new technique combining moiré contourography and digital image analysis allows the three-dimensional description of molar wear. It is possible to describe the amount of tooth material lost in a given time, e.g. mm3/year, and the differing amounts of wear on individual cusps. The moiré technique can be used in conjunction with more conventional quantitative techniques or by itself to assist in age determination in a population. It can be used to describe small amounts of wear that hitherto were difficult to quantify. It is not recommended where the wear includes the greatest convexity of the crown (height of contour) or affects the central fossa.
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Antropología Física/métodos , Abrasión de los Dientes , Determinación de la Edad por los Dientes , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Diente Molar , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
A small depression usually develops immediately laterally to the entrance to the nasolacrimal canal, for the origin of the inferior oblique muscle. This depression is generally a part of the maxilla. In fetal material it was found that the development of this zone and of the lacrimal bone involves a more complex process than indicated in textbooks. In adults the inferior oblique muscle rises 1.54 mm (mean) laterally to the entrance to the canal and only 0.473 mm behind the inferior orbital rim of this area. The mean width of this muscle at its origin is 3.93:2.26 mm. The location of the muscle origin in relation to the orbital septum, its vascularization and possible causes of damage to its origin are pointed out.
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Músculos Oculomotores/anatomía & histología , Feto , Humanos , Maxilar/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
Seventy-one Caucasian orbits (36 right, 35 left) were studied by dissection. The diameter of the ophthalmic a. (2 mm from the origin) was 1.54 +/- 0.04 mm (male) and 1.31 +/- 0.05 mm (female). In individual cases, there were no significant differences in vessel diameter between the right and left sides but, differences in vessel diameter between males and females were more commonly observed in the arteries which leave the orbit (extraorbital group), the individual vessels having a larger diameter in males. The incidence of the ophthalmic a. passing in the orbit medially under the optic n. was 18.6%. The lacrimal a. was observed to arise from the ophthalmic a. in only 82.5% of the cases examined, 15.9% of the cases showed the origin to be at the anastomotic branch of the middle meningeal.
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Arteria Oftálmica/anatomía & histología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Arterias/anatomía & histología , Senos Etmoidales/irrigación sanguínea , Femenino , Humanos , Aparato Lagrimal/irrigación sanguínea , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nariz/irrigación sanguínea , Músculos Oculomotores/irrigación sanguínea , Nervio Óptico/anatomía & histología , Órbita/irrigación sanguínea , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
The anterior blood space of the cavernous sinus is situated anterolateral to the carotid siphon in 70%, anterior to it in 15%, and lateral to it in 15%. Its height, depth, and mediolateral breadth were measured. The mean distance between the carotid siphon and the skin at the supraorbital foramen was measured with 63 (52.4-71.4) mm. The drainage of the orbital veins was studied and described as well as the area of origin and first course of the ophthalmic artery and its clinical importance.