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PURPOSE: We try to show a relationship between strabismus and changes in reading skills. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have carried out a prospective study including 135 children from 8 to 11 years (French level CE2 to CM2). They were given an ophthalmologic and orthoptic examination and then divided into 4 groups: strabismus with vertical deviation without binocular vision, accommodative strabismus with binocular vision, accommodative strabismus without binocular vision and control group (children without strabismus). Each child took 4 validated reading tests: reading fluency, uncommon words reading, comparison of letters sequences without signification, searching "verbal index". RESULTS: Results are significantly lower in children with accommodative strabismus without binocular vision for two tests (reading fluency and uncommon words reading). In contrast, results for the two other tests do not differ significantly between the 4 groups. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated lowered reading skills in tests of reading fluency in children with accommodative strabismus without binocular vision.

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Introduction: The gastrooesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a possible cause of chronic cough. The laparoscopic fundoplication is well established in the treatment of GERD. In a retrospective study, the effectivity of this operation on the GERD associated cough was examined and possible preoperative predictive factors concerning the post-surgical therapy effect were characterized. Patients and Methods: 85 patients after laparoscopic fundoplication due to GERD treated with proton pump inhibitors without (RS-H: n = 31) or with associated cough (RS+H: n = 54) were evaluated in a three-month follow-up by data analysis regarding an indication point score from typical symptoms as well as findings (gastroscopy, histology, 24-hour oesophagus pH-metry). Results: For the leading symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation a complete freedom from complaints was reached with 98.8 % of all patients postal-surgically. In the group RS+H 70.4 % of the patients were free of cough after 3 months, other 22.2 % with significant improvement and 7.4 % with unchanged irritant cough. Higher values of the typical reflux symptoms and a therapy resistance to proton pump inhibitors (PPI) were clearly seen in the RS-H patients. The RS+H patients showed less reflux complaints with lower PPI resistance, frequent allergies as well as significantly more often an acid or bitter taste and hoarseness. After further subdivision of the RS+H patients into the subgroups RS>H (mainly reflux, n = 31) and H>RS (mainly cough), the lowest values for heartburn, regurgitation and PPI resistance were found in subgroup H>RS. Diagnostics did not show any significiant differences between the groups although a trend could be seen towards fewer duodenogastric bile reflux, larger hiatus hernias and higher DeMeester scores in RS+H and H>RS. Also smokers, non-allergic asthmatics and polyallergic sufferers with cough profited from the intervention. Conclusion: Patients with reflux-associated respiratory symptoms present an own entity with good PPI therapy response to heartburn, but not to cough. They should be considered more often for surgery. Since the cough symptoms in more than two-thirds of appropriately selected patients disappear in a short time after surgery, laparoscopic antireflux surgery should also be considered from pneumological aspects. There are no individual predictors for the success of antireflux surgery, only the sum of all relevant individual case history and clinical criteria, as they are combined in the used score, can provide a reliable indication for surgery.

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The effect of a tunable, externally coupled Fabry-Perot cavity to resonantly enhance the optical Hall effect signatures at terahertz frequencies produced by a traditional Drude-like two-dimensional electron gas is shown and discussed in this Letter. As a result, the detection of optical Hall effect signatures at conveniently obtainable magnetic fields, for example, by neodymium permanent magnets, is demonstrated. An AlInN/GaN-based high-electron mobility transistor structure grown on a sapphire substrate is used for the experiment. The optical Hall effect signatures and their dispersions, which are governed by the frequency and the reflectance minima and maxima of the externally coupled Fabry-Perot cavity, are presented and discussed. Tuning the externally coupled Fabry-Perot cavity strongly modifies the optical Hall effect signatures, which provides a new degree of freedom for optical Hall effect experiments in addition to frequency, angle of incidence, and magnetic field direction and strength.

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We report on the development of the first integrated mid-infrared, far-infrared, and terahertz optical Hall effect instrument, covering an ultra wide spectral range from 3 cm(-1) to 7000 cm(-1) (0.1-210 THz or 0.4-870 meV). The instrument comprises four sub-systems, where the magneto-cryostat-transfer sub-system enables the usage of the magneto-cryostat sub-system with the mid-infrared ellipsometer sub-system, and the far-infrared/terahertz ellipsometer sub-system. Both ellipsometer sub-systems can be used as variable angle-of-incidence spectroscopic ellipsometers in reflection or transmission mode, and are equipped with multiple light sources and detectors. The ellipsometer sub-systems are operated in polarizer-sample-rotating-analyzer configuration granting access to the upper left 3 × 3 block of the normalized 4 × 4 Mueller matrix. The closed cycle magneto-cryostat sub-system provides sample temperatures between room temperature and 1.4 K and magnetic fields up to 8 T, enabling the detection of transverse and longitudinal magnetic field-induced birefringence. We discuss theoretical background and practical realization of the integrated mid-infrared, far-infrared, and terahertz optical Hall effect instrument, as well as acquisition of optical Hall effect data and the corresponding model analysis procedures. Exemplarily, epitaxial graphene grown on 6H-SiC, a tellurium doped bulk GaAs sample and an AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor structure are investigated. The selected experimental datasets display the full spectral, magnetic field and temperature range of the instrument and demonstrate data analysis strategies. Effects from free charge carriers in two dimensional confinement and in a volume material, as well as quantum mechanical effects (inter-Landau-level transitions) are observed and discussed exemplarily.

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We report on the polarization selection rules of inter-Landau-level transitions using reflection-type optical Hall effect measurements from 600 to 4000 cm(-1) on epitaxial graphene grown by thermal decomposition of silicon carbide. We observe symmetric and antisymmetric signatures in our data due to polarization preserving and polarization mixing inter-Landau-level transitions, respectively. From field-dependent measurements, we identify that transitions in coupled graphene monolayers are governed by polarization mixing selection rules, whereas transitions in decoupled graphene monolayers are governed by polarization preserving selection rules. The selection rules may find explanation by different coupling mechanisms of inter-Landau-level transitions with free charge carrier magneto-optic plasma oscillations.

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The Care Dependency Scale, an instrument for the assessment of patients'care dependency, has been translated into German. The scale was tested on (inter-) rater reliability and criterion and construct validity in a hospital population on geriatric, surgical and paediatric wards. As the results of this study were very satisfying, positive recommendations regarding the suitability of the scale for use in the German nursing care situation could be made. However further psychometric testing of the scale is important, for instance in other populations. A final conclusion is that the scale may be used in care settings in German-speaking countries.

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The dietary daily intake of fluorides in the first six months of lifetime has to be taken into special consideration. The slightly toxicological permissible limits of the fluorides can cause mottled enamels. The safe amount of the dietary daily intake for babies ranged up to 0.5 mg. By use of the food-stuff "MANASAN" prepared with fluoridated drinking water the daily intake increased up to 1.01 mg F-. In 150 7-8-years old children which in the first 4 month of lifetime got "MANASAN" prepared with fluoridated drinking water we found in 40% of the children mottled enamels, the fluorosis index scores (defined by DEAN) 0.4 respectively. The caries prevalence was by 0.85 DMF surfacer index.

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