RESUMEN
The "bioeffect assessment index" (BAI) is based on the integration of several pathological endpoints measured in the liver of European flounder (Platichthys flesus (L.)) during a long term study of biological effects of pollution in the German Bight. The BAI represents a modification of the "health assessment index" since it includes solely validated biomarkers reflecting toxically induced alterations at different levels of biological organisation in order to quantify the effects of environmental pollution. The concept of the BAI is based on the observation of progressive deleterious effects from early responses to late effects. Specific "key events" were detected, representing progressive stages of functional deterioration. The biomarkers selected from a whole battery of cellular markers for the BAI calculation reflect deleterious effects of various classes of contaminants such as heavy metals, organochlorines, pesticides, PAHs, and therefore reflect general toxicity in an integrative manner. Selected biomarkers were: lysosomal perturbations (reduced membrane stability), storage disorders (lipid accumulation) as early markers for toxic effects of liver cells, and the size of macrophage aggregates and their acid phosphatase activity. The latter two markers are indicative for the modulation of non-specific immune response which represents longer time scale responses after chronic exposure.
Asunto(s)
Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Lenguado/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Contaminación Química del Agua/análisis , Fosfatasa Ácida/metabolismo , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Alemania , Hígado/metabolismo , Lisosomas/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Lípidos de la Membrana/metabolismoRESUMEN
The present study addresses aspects of the (specific) immune response of carp to the haemoflagellate Trypanoplasma borreli. Sera of resistant carp contained antibodies, which agglutinated the flagellates in vitro. When flagellates were incubated in fish sera from resistant carp, binding of antibodies to flagellates could be demonstrated by flow cytometry, and T. borreli were effectively killed. Heat-treatment of the sera prevented killing, indicating that complement activation is important for the control of a T. borreli infection. Sera of carp that were highly susceptible to infection with T. borreli contained no antibodies capable of binding to or killing the parasite. Furthermore, specific antibodies were not generated after experimental infection. This lack of antibody production in susceptible carp is not due to a general unresponsiveness of lymphoid cells, since peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from susceptible and resistant carp responded to mitogenic stimuli in vitro with lymphocyte proliferation in a similar manner. However, viable flagellates were significantly less able to stimulate proliferation of PBL from susceptible carp. In vitro-produced culture supernatants of freshly isolated PBL from both carp lines (but not those of head kidney cells) differentially modulated the mitogen-induced proliferation of PBL from susceptible and resistant carp. The supernatants enhanced the proliferation of leukocytes obtained from individuals from the same carp line, but suppressed the mitogen-induced proliferation of PBL from the other line tested. This indicates that lymphoid cells from susceptible and resistant carp differ in their spectrum of spontaneously produced immunomodulatory mediators. Whether this is decisive for a T. borreli-specific and successful immune response is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Inmunidad Innata/inmunología , Kinetoplastida , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Anticuerpos/metabolismo , Carpas , Medios de Cultivo , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida/veterinaria , Citometría de Flujo/veterinaria , Sueros Inmunes/inmunología , Leucocitos/inmunología , Infecciones por Protozoos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
In the present work responses of carp (Cyprinus carpio) head kidney-derived neutrophils to the blood parasite T. borreli, and the consequences of these responses for parasite survival and other host response mechanisms, were studied. In co-cultures of head kidney leucocytes (HKL) with viable and lysed T. borreli a prominent shape change of neutrophilic granulocytes towards increased size and complexity was observed. In addition, the longevity of neutrophils in vitro was prolonged in the presence of T. borreli antigens. In these cultures, neutrophils also exhibited an increased phagocytosis activity. An up regulation of the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in T. borreli- and mitogen-stimulated HKL cultures. However, addition of live, fluorescence-labelledT. borreli to previously stimulated HKL cultures, revealed neither killing nor phagocytosis of the parasite by activated neutrophils. Moreover, viable T. borreli, when added to HKL cultures of infected carp, reduced their phagocytosis activity and NO production. Supernatants of co-cultures between T. borreli and HKL also contained mediators, which suppressed a mitogen-induced proliferative response of peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) in vitro. Thus, while T. borreli itself appeared not to be sensitive to responses of activated neutrophils, the flagellates interferes with the production of immunomodulatory signals of these cells, probably resulting in a partial immunosuppression, which may favour the parasite development in vivo.
Asunto(s)
Carpas/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Kinetoplastida/inmunología , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Animales , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Citometría de Flujo/veterinaria , Riñón/citología , Riñón/inmunología , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Nitroazul de Tetrazolio/metabolismo , Fagocitosis/inmunología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , omega-N-Metilarginina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
In an attempt to characterise the role of nitric oxide (NO) in immune responses of carp, carp leucocytes obtained during an acute T. borreli infection were examined, for their capacity to generate NO. In a second set of experiments the impact NO on viability of the parasite and on the modulation of functional carp leucocyte responses were tested in vitro. Both in carp head-kidneys and in the peripheral blood, the fractions of lymphoblasts among separated leucocytes were increased. However, the relative proportions of granulocytes among head-kidney leucocytes (HKL) significantly decreased during infection, whereas granulocytes appeared among peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL). The cellular dynamics of HKL and PBL of infected carp were paralleled by an enhanced spontaneous NO release in vitro. NO production was further increased after addition of viable parasites to these cultures. The hypothesis that NO had a possible role in granulocyte activation and lymphocyte proliferation in carp was supported by the reduction of mitogen-induced proliferative responses of PBL from healthy carp in the presence of NO donor substances. The negative effects of NO on lymphocyte proliferation were contrasted by enhancing effects on granulocyte functions: the inhibition of NO generation in T. borreli-stimulated HKL cultures by the l-arginine analogue L-NMMA reduced the viability of granulocytes and their phagocytic activity. Even massive amounts of nitric oxide produced by donor substances (up to 600 micromol l(-1) NO(-)(2)) caused no reduction in the numbers of viable T. borreli flagellates in vitro. Thus, in carp, T. borreli seems to induce high amounts of NO in vivo which are apparently not harmful for the parasite but which may interfere with co-ordinated interactions of activated cells aiming at the defence of the parasite.
Asunto(s)
Carpas/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Kinetoplastida/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales , Espermina/análogos & derivados , Animales , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Citometría de Flujo/veterinaria , Kinetoplastida/crecimiento & desarrollo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/parasitología , Subgrupos Linfocitarios/inmunología , Subgrupos Linfocitarios/parasitología , Óxido Nítrico/inmunología , Donantes de Óxido Nítrico/farmacología , Óxidos de Nitrógeno , Fagocitosis/inmunología , Infecciones por Protozoos/inmunología , Infecciones por Protozoos/parasitología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/farmacología , S-Nitrosoglutatión/farmacología , Espermina/farmacología , omega-N-Metilarginina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Proliferation of rainbow trout peripheral blood leucocytes in vitro is usually assessed by measuring incorporated tritiated thymidine. In this report we monitored the in vitro proliferative response to the mitogen Concanavalin A (Con A) by means of flow cytometry (FCM) and 3H-thymidine incorporation. When analysed by FCM, blood leucocytes displayed two main cell populations with distinct forward and side scatter (FSC/SSC) characteristics: lymphocytes with low FSC/SSC values and non-lymphoid leucocytes (NLL) with increased FSC/SSC values. The nature of these cell types were confirmed by microscopy. Interestingly, the FSC/SSC pattern of lymphocytes remained unchanged after in vitro stimulation with Con A, whereas cells from the NLL population showed a marked shift towards increased FSC values. In stimulated cultures, the increase of FSC values of the NLL population significantly correlated with contemporarily measured 3H-thymidine incorporation (r = 0.7, P < 0.001). The mitogenic response of blood leucocytes originating from different individual fish varied over wide ranges. It was found to be related to the numbers of NLL present in the leucocyte sample. The present results show that qualitative and quantitative FCM analysis of morphological parameters (FSC/SSC) of blood leucocytes makes it possible to discriminate between leucocyte populations of the rainbow trout and to monitor cell proliferation experiments.
Asunto(s)
Leucocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Mitógenos/farmacología , Oncorhynchus mykiss/inmunología , Animales , División Celular , Células Cultivadas , Citometría de Flujo/veterinaria , Leucocitos/inmunología , Microscopía de Contraste de Fase/veterinaria , Oncorhynchus mykiss/sangreRESUMEN
An in vitro culture system was developed for Trypanoplasma borreli, a pathogenic flagellate from the blood of European cyprinids. Trypanoplasms multiplied rapidly in a mixture of Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS, 45%), L15 (22.5%), Earle's minimum essential medium (MEM, 22.5%) and 10% distilled water, which was supplemented with 5 to 10% heat-inactivated pooled carp serum. In medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, multiplication of T. borreli seemed to be inhibited. Cultures initiated with less than 100 000 T. borreli per ml culture medium did not survive, and a substantial multiplication of trypanoplasms was found at inocula beginning with 630 000 flagellates ml(-1). Trypanoplasms multiplied at 15, 20 and 25 degrees C. In cultures incubated at 4 degrees C the trypanoplasms remained viable but the number of flagellates did not increase. Trypanoplasms from in vitro cultures retained their infectivity for carp for at least 90 d (5 passages). The trypanoplasms survived in culture over a period of up to 5 mo (10 passages). The established culture system allows the propagation of high numbers of fish-infective trypanoplasms, which are required to study parasite-host relationships in carp.
Asunto(s)
Carpas/parasitología , Kinetoplastida/aislamiento & purificación , Parasitología/métodos , Animales , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo/veterinaria , Carpa Dorada/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The activation of carp peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) was analysed radiometrically and by means of flow cytometry (FCM) in order to compare the results obtained with both methods. The qualitative and quantitative FCM analyses of cellular morphology and viability resulted in a further characterisation of proliferative responses of carp PBL to Trypanoplasma borreli in vivo and in vitro. The lymphocyte population of PBL from T. borreli-infected carp exhibited a marked shift in forward scattered light (FSC; cell size). When PBL from healthy carp were stimulated with mitogens in vitro, a lymphoid population with increased FSC profiles was also observed. The number of these cells coincided to ratios of 3H-thymidine incorporation, recorded from corresponding cultures. Thus, it was concluded that the increase in size of stimulated lymphocytes could be due to blastogenic transformation. The advantage of the FCM procedure is that activation and proliferation of carp lymphocytes can be monitored without labelling the cells. Cocultures of mitogen-stimulated carp PBL and T. borreli revealed the ability of the parasite to suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.
Asunto(s)
Carpas/parasitología , Kinetoplastida , Leucocitos/inmunología , Mitógenos/farmacología , Parasitología/métodos , Animales , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Medios de Cultivo , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo/veterinaria , Leucocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos/parasitología , Activación de LinfocitosRESUMEN
Cytological alterations in renal tubule epithelium cells of carp Cyprinus carpio infected with the blood flagellate Trypanoplasma borreli Laveran & Mesnil, 1901 were investigated during the course of a laboratory infection of a highly susceptible carp line. With the development of the parasitaemia, a hyperplasia of the interstitial renal tissue was induced, which resulted in a tubulus necrosis. Cytological changes were already seen in tubulus epithelium cells on Day 7 post injection (PI) of the parasite. The basilar invaginations of the cells fragmented and a swelling of mitochondria was noted. With increasing parasitaemia, on Days 14 and 21 PI, these changes progressed up to the loss of the basilar invagination and high amplitude swellings of mitochondria and deterioration of their internal membrane structures. Cells of the distal tubule segment reacted earlier and more rapidly than cells of the proximal tubule. The cytological alterations suggested a loss of function of the epithelum cells, which most likely resulted in impaired ionic and osmotic regulation of T. borreli-infected fishes. Our findings indicate that in response to the proliferation of the interstitial renal tissue cell structures of the renal tubule cells are altered quickly and in a progressive manner.
Asunto(s)
Carpas/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Peces/patología , Enfermedades Renales/veterinaria , Túbulos Renales/patología , Kinetoplastida , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/patología , Animales , Células Epiteliales/ultraestructura , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Enfermedades Renales/parasitología , Enfermedades Renales/patología , Túbulos Renales/parasitología , Kinetoplastida/ultraestructura , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica/veterinaria , Necrosis , Parasitemia/parasitología , Parasitemia/veterinariaRESUMEN
The tissue response of common carp Cyprinus carpio to the kinetoplastid blood parasite Trypanoplasma borreli Laveran & Mesnil, 1901 was investigated during a laboratory infection of a highly susceptible carp line. With the development of the parasitaemia an increased proliferation of the lymphoid renal interstitial tissue was induced, which resulted in a progressive depression and deterioration of renal tubules. In heavily infected carp at Days 20 to 28 post inoculation (PI), a tubulonephrosis, a glomerulitis caused by a massive accumulation of leukocytes in glomerular capillaries, and large numbers of trypanoplasms in blood vessels and renal interstitium were observed. Corresponding with rising T. borreli numbers in the peripheral blood, splenic lymphocytes showed increasing proliferation rates, and the capillaries of the liver, gills, heart and intestine were infiltrated with lymphocytes and trypanoplasms. In heavily infected carp, congestion of liver sinusoids, focal necroses of hepatic tissue, extensive accumulations of erythrocytes in the spleen and in the blood marked anaemia were observed. These carp often showed abdominal distension, exophthalmus and swimming disorders described as 'sleeping sickness of carp'. Proliferation of cells from the interstitial lymphoid tissue of the kidney, which bears a close resemblance to the bone marrow of higher vertebrates, is considered a normal immune response of fish to antigen challenge. We here describe the unique case of a severe but ineffective immune reaction which results in the destruction of excretory renal structures. This has to be considered a severe disturbance of osmoregulation in affected carp, which, together with a decrease in oxygen uptake due to anaemia, is likely a major cause of death in these carp.
Asunto(s)
Carpas/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Peces/patología , Kinetoplastida/crecimiento & desarrollo , Parasitemia/veterinaria , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/patología , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Bromodesoxiuridina/química , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Hematócrito/veterinaria , Histocitoquímica , Riñón/patología , Kinetoplastida/inmunología , Hígado/parasitología , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Parasitemia/patología , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/genética , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/inmunología , Bazo/parasitología , Bazo/patología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Five species of adult nematodes, unidentifiable nematode larvae, and three species of acanthocephalans, were found in freshwater ornamental fishes newly imported into Germany from Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Peru, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The following species were identified: Adult Nematoda: Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, Capillariidae gen. sp., Dichelyne hartwichi sp. n., Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) pintoi and Spinitectus allaeri; Acanthocephala: Pseudogorgorhynchus arii gen. et sp. n., Neoechinorhynchus sp. and Pallisentis sp. The nematode Dichelyne hartwichi sp. n. (male only) from the intestine of Chelonodon fluviatilis (Hamilton) from Thailand is characterised mainly by the presence of minute cuticular spines on the tail tip, length of spicules (510 microns) and arrangement of caudal papillae. The acanthocephalan Pseudogorgorhynchus arii sp. n. from the intestine of Ariopsis seemanni (Günther) from Colombia represents a new genus Pseudogorgorhynchus gen. n., differing from other genera of the Rhadinorhynchidae mainly in possessing a small proboscis armed with markedly few (18) hooks arranged in six spiral rows. Spinitectus macheirus Boomker et Puylaert, 1994 and Spinitectus moraveci Boomker et Puylaert, 1994 are considered junior synonyms of Spinitectus allaeri Campana-Rouget, 1961.
Asunto(s)
Acantocéfalos/clasificación , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Peces/parasitología , Helmintiasis Animal/parasitología , Nematodos/clasificación , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Acantocéfalos/anatomía & histología , Acantocéfalos/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Femenino , Alemania , Masculino , Nematodos/anatomía & histología , Nematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Clima TropicalRESUMEN
Epithelial cell turnover in the intestine of common carp Cyprinus carpio infected with the coccidian parasite Goussia carpelli (Leger & Stankovitch, 1921) was investigated during laboratory infection using histological and electron microscopical techniques. During the development of the parasite an increased number of mitotic enterocytes, identified by bromodeoxyuridine (BRDU) uptake, were observed at the base of infected mucosal folds. During the merogonic and gamogonic development of the parasite, severe damage to infected epithelium occurred, and concomitantly BRDU-positive cells spread along the mucosal folds. These cells exhibited immature characteristics, including a squamous to cuboidal shape, nuclear apolarity, a high number of ribosomes, and short or reduced microvilli. Contact with adjoining cells was formed by tight junctions and desmosomes, indicating the epithelial origin of these cells. These cells covered gut segments with damaged epithelium within a few days, suggesting a high regenerative capacity of the carp intestine, and this could explain the mild clinical symptoms in fish affected by G. carpelli-coccidiosis. Our study for the first time describes epithelial cell responses to injuries caused by enteric protozoa in piscine hosts.
Asunto(s)
Carpas/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Peces/patología , Intestinos/patología , Animales , Coccidios/fisiología , Coccidiosis/patología , Epitelio/parasitología , Epitelio/patología , Epitelio/ultraestructura , Inmunohistoquímica , Intestinos/parasitología , Intestinos/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
Goussia carpelli causes enteritic coccidiosis in juvenile carp. In nature it affects carp fry (1 to 2 mo old) and fish (3 to 4 mo old) which are subjected to environmental stress. Carp treated with corticosteroids or subjected to temperature stress in the laboratory produced higher numbers of oocysts during the primary infection. Resistance to reinfection via the fecal contamination route, however, was not reduced by the application of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, or X-ray irradiation given both prior to and concurrently with reinfection. The administration of hydrocortisole or irradiation did not induce a relapse of a previous infection. Carp which had been immunosuppressed by hydrocortisole injection during a primary infection were also refractory to a secondary infection via fecal contamination. The results of these experiments suggest that the mechanisms which are responsible for the resistance of carp to secondary infections with Goussia carpelli were not affected by hydrocortisole, dexamethasone or X-ray treatment.
Asunto(s)
Carpas/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Estrés Fisiológico/veterinaria , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Coccidiosis/complicaciones , Coccidiosis/inmunología , Dexametasona/farmacología , Hidrocortisona/farmacología , Tolerancia Inmunológica/efectos de los fármacos , Tolerancia Inmunológica/efectos de la radiación , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Estrés Fisiológico/complicaciones , Estrés Fisiológico/inmunología , TemperaturaRESUMEN
The sporogenesis of Sphaerospora molnari in the gill lamellas of the common carp was investigated by light- and electron microscopy. Whereas pseudoplasmodia were not identified, the development from one secondary cell containing two tertiary cells to the mature spore was pursued. Monosporic sporoblasts surrounded by an envelope cell were observed lying isolated in the host tissue. Sporoblast generative cells differentiated into two capsulogenic cells, two mononucleate sporoplasms and two valvogenic cells. In the course of valvogenesis the latter lost their cytoplasmatic vacuoles to form the electron dense values of the mature spore. Via capsular primordia with external tubules polar capsules containing polar filaments developed in the capsulogenc cells. In contrast to valvogenic and capsulogenic cells, sporoplasms were not submitted to structural changes.
Asunto(s)
Ascomicetos/citología , Ascomicetos/fisiología , Carpas/microbiología , Branquias/microbiología , Animales , Ascomicetos/ultraestructura , Microscopía Electrónica , Esporas FúngicasRESUMEN
This paper describes experiments with Mycoplasma mobile 163 K in tench inoculated via the gills, skin, peritoneal cavity or whole body surface and kept at two different temperatures (20 and 25 degrees C). Gill tissues from experimentally infected tench and rainbow-trout gill tissue explants infected in vitro were compared by transmission electron microscopy, revealing that M. mobile was capable of producing gill epithelial cell necrosis in both, but that it was much more severe in the explants. M. mobile was found attached to chloride cells in the tench and between necrotic epithelial cells in the trout gill explants. M. mobile was recovered from the gills for up to 28 days after inoculation, from the skin and swim bladder for up to 14 days, and from the hind gut, kidneys and spleen for up to 8 days. There was no significant difference between the results at 20 and 25 degrees C.
Asunto(s)
Branquias/patología , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/patología , Mycoplasma/patogenicidad , Animales , Cyprinidae , Epitelio/patología , Epitelio/ultraestructura , Branquias/ultraestructura , Mycoplasma/clasificación , Mycoplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Necrosis , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Técnicas de Cultivo de ÓrganosRESUMEN
Goussia aculeati, a parasite of intestinal epithelial cells of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) was found in 418 (47%) of 891 sticklebacks examined. The fish were obtained from 7 localities of waters in a natural resort area in North-West Germany. G. aculeati mainly infected juvenile fish (312 (53%) of 590 examined). During a 2-years observation period no impact of season on the infection rate was obvious. Ultrastructural studies on merogonic, gamogonic, and sporogonic developmental stages revealed that meronts gave rise to merozoites by ectomerogony; microgametes had one flagellum attached to the surface of the microgamete. Due to veil-like membraneous structures covering the sporocysts, this Goussia species was placed into the subgenus Plagula.
Asunto(s)
Apicomplexa/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Peces/parasitología , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales , Animales , Apicomplexa/crecimiento & desarrollo , Apicomplexa/ultraestructura , Enfermedades de los Peces/epidemiología , Alemania , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Prevalencia , Infecciones por Protozoos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Eimeria cotti, a gut dwelling coccidian parasite from bullhead (Cottus gobio) is described from fish collected from waters of a natural resort area in North-West Germany. All age groups of bullhead were found to be infected throughout the year at a prevalence of 43 out of 92 fish examined. Infected tissue contained merogonic, gamogonic and sporogonic developmental stages. Ultrastructural features of these stages conformed with those of other eimerian coccidia. Merozoites were formed by ectomerogony, macrogamonts exhibited a prominent electron dense inclusion, and mature oocysts had a stieda body.
Asunto(s)
Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Eimeria/crecimiento & desarrollo , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Animales , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Eimeria/ultraestructura , Enfermedades de los Peces/epidemiología , Alemania/epidemiología , Ictaluridae , Microscopía Electrónica , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
A typical, pigment-producing strain of Aeromonas salmonicida (A. sal.), the causative agent of furunculosis in salmonid fish species, was isolated from a cyprinid species, the tench Tinca tinca L. with papilloma-like skin alterations. Histopathology of the papilloma-like skin alterations in tench revealed "round holes", distinctly lined by thick layers of epithelial cells, but no bacteria. The organism was isolated from skin, gills and fins, but not internal organs. The isolate proved highly virulent for both juvenile tench and brown trout Salmo trutta L. in experimental infection, but it did not reproduce the clinical picture. The causative role of A. sal. for the surface lesions remains questionable. However, there is a perceived risk of the organism's transmission between tench and other susceptible species of fish, especially farmed trout.
Asunto(s)
Aeromonas/patogenicidad , Portador Sano/veterinaria , Cyprinidae/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/veterinaria , Animales , Portador Sano/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Trucha , VirulenciaRESUMEN
Intestinal tissue samples of 9 cyprinid and gobiid fish species from several hatcheries and ponds in South Bohemia were found to harbour Goussia carpelli-like coccidian oocysts. Furthermore, laboratory transmission of Goussia carpelli, obtained from common carp, was attempted to 9 cyprinid fish species, both laboratory reared and obtained from pond environments. Infection experiments, carried out by fecal contamination (direct transmission) and by using tubificid oligochaetes as paratenic hosts resulted in weak infections in 4 out of 15 Carassius auratus used, but it was not possible to infect any of the other fishes used.
Asunto(s)
Apicomplexa/aislamiento & purificación , Carpas/parasitología , Cyprinidae/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales , Animales , Checoslovaquia , Enfermedades de los Peces/transmisión , Agua Dulce , Infecciones por Protozoos/parasitología , Infecciones por Protozoos/transmisión , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
High losses due to metacercaria of Bucephalus polymorphus especially in cyprinids were observed in summer 1984 during a period of a sudden increase in water temperature. Pathology of diseased fish is described. Factors, such as eutrophication of the water system and overcrowding of distinct fish species, are discussed to be the main causes provoking outbreak of the parasitosis.
Asunto(s)
Cyprinidae/parasitología , Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Peces/epidemiología , Infecciones por Trematodos/veterinaria , Animales , Carpas/parasitología , Agua Dulce , Alemania Occidental/epidemiología , Percas/parasitología , Temperatura , Infecciones por Trematodos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Tubifex tubifex and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, fed intestinal tissue of carp containing oocysts of Goussia carpelli, produced infections in laboratory-reared carp. Sporocysts ingested by the tubificids released the sporozoites that were found to be motile in the intestinal contents and incorporated in intestinal cells of the oligochaetes. Tubificids remained infective for carp at least up to 57 days postexposure (PE). Tubificids were also able to transmit G. carpelli to carp that had recovered from a previous infection, whereas attempts of direct transmission of G. carpelli among these carp failed. Direct transmission to uninfected carp by fecal contamination was possible. Organisms from the pond plankton, benthic Limnadia sp., and chironomid larvae did not transmit G. carpelli to carp.