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Affirmative approach has increasingly become the primary approach in working with clients belonging to gender and sexual diversity. In the recommendations and guidelines of the most important psychiatric and psychological associations, as well as the international organizations that bring these associations together, the shift towards an affirmative attitude is clearly observable.This manuscript attempts to present the theoretical background of the affirmative approach, details the possible difficulties of a person with a gender and sexual minority identity and, based on these, tries to provide specific affirmative advice for the helping professionals.

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The Hungarian health care system faces new challenges with the unprecedented increased rate of migration. Asylum-seekers arriving are a heterogeneous group. Their health care needs vary depending on their country of origin and the quality of the health care they received prior to arrival, not to mention the impact of the migration process on their health. Described within this paper are the challenges an asylum seeker might face in obtaining care on arrival into the host country and the challenges clinicians face in providing that care. This review is designed to give health professionals the necessary knowledge to care for asylum-seekers in a culturally aware and clinically informed manner.

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The legal process of gender transition in Hungary had previously been more developed as in most European countries, as the law enabled transsexual people to change their name and gender before or without a medical treatment, which was unique at the time. Over the years, however, lots of European countries developed legal frameworks and accepted international standards of care for the treatment of gender dysphoria that Hungary did not follow. Currently in Hungary there is no consistent legal framework of gender transition, there is no official regulation or guidelines regarding gender transition process, no institution with the obligation to accommodate the process, and there is no nominated specialist in the state health care system whose remit included dealing with transsexual patients. The information on gender transition options both to the professionals and to the patients is limited and incoherent. This paper reviews the legal aspects and clinical management process of gender dysphoria in Hungary. Some issues regarding the Hungarian practice and possible solutions based on examples from the United Kingdom are addressed within the paper.

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The paper reviews the forms of domestic abuse, its causes, prevalence and possible consequences. British and Hungarian Law, guidelines and the roles and responsibilities of healthcare professionals in relation to dealing with domestic abuse in their practice is also addressed within the paper.

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The paper reviews the epidemiology of child maltreatment, forms of child abuse and possible consequences. British and Hungarian Law, guidelines and the psychiatrist's roles and responsibilities in relation to assessment of problems and treatment are also addressed in the paper.

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Most scientists today agree that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive, and biological factors. In past decades in the United States there has been a big discourse as to the necessity and effectiveness of changing same-sex attraction. Researchers disagree on whether same-sex attraction can be changed. Position statements of the major mental health organizations state that there is not enough scientific evidence to support the reorientation therapy. In addition, there is some evidence to indicate that some individuals experienced harm or believed they had been harmed by these interventions. The aim of this article is to give a historic overview of the reorientation therapies, to review the efficacy of the therapies, motivations for seeking therapy, arguments for and against the therapy, and to overview the actual mainstream organizations' statements.

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Gender identity disorder, or transsexualism as it is more commonly known, is a highly complex clinical entity. It is an identifiable and incapacitating disease which can be diagnosed and successfully treated by reassignment surgery. The diagnosis of gender identity disorder can be a difficult process. Transsexual patients will have to undergo extensive psychiatric assessment. The authors review the development of nosology of transsexualism. The current classification systems, symptoms and diagnostic features of gender identity disorders are discussed. The article also discusses differential diagnostic features, like intersex states, psychosis, transvestitism, autogynephilia, gynandromorphophilia, and self-amputation. The authors also discuss the problem of comorbidity, as well.

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Gender identity disorder, or transsexualism as it is more commonly known, is a highly complex clinical entity. The general belief among behavioural scientists and physicians is that transsexualism is an identifiable and incapacitating disease which can be diagnosed and successfully treated by reassignment surgery. Although the exact etiology of gender identity disorder is unknown, several environmental, genetic and anatomical theories have been described. The reviewers draw attention to the possible genetic, hormonal, immunological and anatomical causes. An attempt is made to point out the future trends in research, highlighting their progressive features.

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The authors review the historical main milestones in the legislative aspects of sexual deviances, from ancient times through age of enlightenment to present times, including the factors affecting the Hungarian public attitudes towards it. The evolution of nomenclature of sexual orientation disorders is also evaluated thoroughly, detailing the DSM-IV-TR classification and the attempts and difficulties to further develop the present classification system. The authors also review the difficulties of epidemiological studies and sum up the pioneer work of Alfred Kinsey. The etiology of paraphylias is summed up based on biological, psychodynamic and learning theory approaches. Finally, the pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions are evaluated considering also comorbidity, outer control and forensic psychiatric aspects.

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