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OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of comprehensive orthodontic treatment on palatal area, volume, inter-canine and inter-molar width in patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate (UCLP) using scanned models of the maxillary arch. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary setting. PATIENTS: Two hundred and ten plaster study models of 70 patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate (Study group SG) and Control Group (n = 70) were scanned using Maestro 3D Dental scanner. The study groupwas further divided into subgroups; Subgroup I: treated with orthodontic treatment only (non-surgical), Subgroup II: patientsmanaged with combined orthodontics and orthognathic surgery (either maxillary advancement or maxillary distraction), Subgroup A: age >14 years and Subgroup B: age <14 years. INTERVENTIONS: Comprehensive orthodontic and Orthosurgical treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pre- and post-treatment scanned maxillary models of the study group were compared for palatal area and volumeand intercanine and intermolar width. The palatal dimensions of post-treatment scanned models were also compared to that of the control group. RESULTS: The Palatal area and volume, intercanine and intermolar width were significantly higher in the post-treatment as compared to pre-treatment study models (P < 0.01). The measurements ofthe maxillary arch were significantly higher in the control group compared to the post-treatment measurements of the study group. The increase in palatal area and volume was greater in Subgroup I and A compared to Subgroup II and B patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: The 3-Dimensional palatal dimensions in UCLP group improved after orthodontic treatment but were still not comparable to the normal subjects. The patients with age >14 years showed more improvement in the maxillary arch.

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Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the most common immunosuppressive infections in India, seldom accompanies other parasitic and fungal infections. In our case, we describe the three coexistent infections and their clinical presentation in a 53-year-old woman. A fibro-cavitary lesion in lung with superadded infections of hydatid cyst and aspergillus which is rare has been elaborated in the present case.

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AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe second wave of COVID-19, which began around 11 February 2021, has hit India very hard with the daily cases reaching nearly triple the first peak value as on April 19, 2021. The epidemic evolution in India is quite complex due to regional inhomogeneities and the spread of several coronavirus mutants. In this paper, we characterize the virus spread in the ongoing second wave in India and its states until April 19, 2021, and also study the dynamical evolution of the epidemic from the beginning of the outbreak. Variations in the effective reproduction number (Rt) are taken as quantifiable measures of the virus transmissibility. Rt value for every state, including those with large rural populations, has value greater than the self-sustaining threshold of 1. An exponential fit on recent data also shows that the infection rate is much higher than the first wave. Subsequently, characteristics of the COVID-19 spread are analyzed regionwise, by estimating test positivity rates (TPRs) and case fatality rates (CFRs). Very high TPR values for several states present an alarming situation. CFR values are lower than those in the first wave but recently showing signs of increase as healthcare systems become over-stretched with the surge in infections. Preliminary estimates with a classical epidemiological model suggest that the peak for the second wave could occur around mid-May 2021 with daily count exceeding 0.4 million. The study strongly suggests that an effective administrative intervention is needed to arrest the rapid growth of the epidemic.

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Chemotherapy pre-conditioning is an essential component of chimeric antigen receptor transduced cell therapy. Acute lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) is known to be driven primarily by homeostatic cytokines, but little is known on the underlying mechanisms in humans. We undertook phenotypic and transcriptional analysis of T cells undergoing LIP two weeks post-myeloablative autograft stem cell transplantation. Strong IL-7 signaling was reflected in downregulated IL-7R expression on all T cells, including naive cells, along with parallel increased IL-2Rα expression. Notably, activated residual naive cells expressed Fas indicating recent TCR engagement. Moreover, proportion of Ki67 + FoxP3+ Tregs was almost doubled. Transcriptional analysis revealed increased fatty acid metabolism and interferon signaling responses. In contrast, TGF-ß signaling was strongly suppressed. Thus, human LIP response is characterized by cytokine and TCR-driven proliferation which drives global T cell activation but also preferentially triggers regulatory cell expansion which may limit tumor-specific immunity. These features indicate potential therapeutic opportunities to manipulate immunotherapy regimens incorporating LIP conditioning protocols.

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We construct a universal epidemic curve for COVID-19 using the epidemic curves of eight nations that have reached saturation for the first phase, and then fit an eight-degree polynomial that passes through the universal curve. We take Indias epidemic curve up to September 22, 2020 and overlap it with the universal curve by minimizing square-root error. The constructed curve is used to forecast epidemic evolution up to January 1, 2021. The predictions of our model and those of supermodel for India are reasonably close to each other considering the uncertainties in data fitting.

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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. While much has been learned in the first months of the pandemic, many features of COVID-19 pathogenesis remain to be determined. For example, anosmia is a common presentation and many patients with this finding show no or only minor respiratory signs. Studies in animals experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, provide opportunities to study aspects of the disease not easily investigated in human patients. COVID-19 severity ranges from asymptomatic to lethal. Most experimental infections provide insights into mild disease. Here, using K18-hACE2 mice that we originally developed for SARS studies, we show that infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes severe disease in the lung, and in some mice, the brain. Evidence of thrombosis and vasculitis was detected in mice with severe pneumonia. Further, we show that infusion of convalescent plasma (CP) from a recovered COVID-19 patient provided protection against lethal disease. Mice developed anosmia at early times after infection. Notably, while treatment with CP prevented significant clinical disease, it did not prevent anosmia. Thus K18-hACE2 mice provide a useful model for studying the pathological underpinnings of both mild and lethal COVID-19 and for assessing therapeutic interventions.

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A mathematical analysis of patterns for the evolution of COVID-19 cases is key to the development of reliable and robust predictive models potentially leading to efficient and effective governance against COVID-19. Towards this objective, we study and analyze the temporal growth pattern of COVID-19 infection and death counts in various states of India. Our analysis up to August 4, 2020, shows that several states (namely Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal) have reached t2 power-law growth, while Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh exhibit linear growth. Delhi has reached [Formula] phase and may flatten in the coming days. However, some states have deviated from the universal pattern of the epidemic curve. Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan show a gradual rise in the power-law regime, which is not the usual trend. Also, Bihar, Karnataka, and Kerala are exhibiting a second wave. In addition, we report that initially, the death counts show similar behavior as the infection counts. Later, however, the death growth rate declines as compared to the infection growth due to better handling of critical cases and increased immunity of the population. These observations indicate that except Delhi, most of the Indian states are far from flattening their epidemic curves.

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The ongoing spread of pandemic coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the lack of specific drugs or vaccines for SARS-CoV-2, demands rapid diagnosis and management are crucial for controlling the outbreak in the community. Here we report the development of the first rapid-colorimetric assay capable of detecting SARS-CoV-2 in the human nasopharyngeal RNA sample in less than 30 minutes. We utilized a nanomaterial-based optical sensing platform to detect RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of SARS-CoV-2, where the formation of oligo probe-target hybrid led to salt-induced aggregation and changes in gold-colloid color from pink to blue in visible range. Accordingly, we found a change in colloid color from pink to blue in assay containing nasopharyngeal RNA sample from the subject with clinically diagnosed COVID-19. The colloid retained pink color when the test includes samples from COVID-19 negative subjects or human papillomavirus (HPV) infected women. The results were validated using nasopharangeal RNA samples from suspected COVID-19 subjects (n=136). Using RT-PCR as gold standard, the assay was found to have 85.29% sensitivity and 94.12% specificity. The optimized method has detection limit as little as 0.5 ng of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Overall, the developed assay rapidly detects SARS-CoV-2 RNA in clinical samples in a cost-effective manner and would be useful in pandemic management by facilitating mass screening.

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In this paper, we analyze the real-time infection data of COVID-19 epidemic for 21 nations up to June 30, 2020. For most of these nations, the total number of infected individuals exhibits a succession of exponential growth and power-law growth before the flattening of the curve. In particular, we find a universal [Formula] growth before they reach saturation. However, at present, India, which has I(t) ~ t2, and Russia and Brazil, which have I(t) ~ t, are yet to flatten their curves. Thus, the polynomials of the I(t) curves provide valuable information on the stage of the epidemic evolution, thus on the life cycle of COVID-19 pandemic. Besides these detailed analyses, we compare the predictions of an extended SEIR model and a delay differential equation-based model with the reported infection data and observed good agreement among them, including the [Formula] behaviour. We argue that the power laws in the epidemic curves may be due to lockdowns.

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In this paper, we analyze the real-time infection data of COVID-19 epidemic for nine nations. Our analysis is up to 7 April 2020. For China and South Korea, who have already flattened their infection curves, the number of infected individuals (I(t)) exhibits power-law behavior before flattening of the curve. Italy has transitioned to the power-law regime for some time. For the other six nations--USA, Spain, Germany, France, Japan, and India--a power-law regime is beginning to appear after exponential growth. We argue that the transition from an exponential regime to a power-law regime may act as an indicator for flattening of the epidemic curve. We also argue that long-term community transmission and/or the transmission by asymptomatic carriers traveling long distances may be inducing the power-law growth of the epidemic.

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Thermo and pH-responsive poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) polymer has gained interest due to microenvironment targeting potential toward cancer cells. Its exceptional potential of the phase transition at body temperature (37°C) makes it biologically relevant for drug delivery and biosensing. The optimum drug loading and particle size with controlled release at a specific site are essential for critical process parameters (CPP). This study investigates the formulation optimization anastrozole (ANST)-loaded PNIPAM nanoparticle (NPs) prepared by solvent evaporation method for pH- and thermo-responsive drug delivery. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was implemented to observe the effect of selected process parameters on quality attributes product including particle size 110.15 nm, zeta potential - 11.02 mV, PDI 0.175, and drug loading 8.35% (DL). The statistical data was found to fit in the quadratic model and p value is less than 0.005. The thermo-responsive behavior of PNIPAM is evaluated on DLS and UV-Visible spectroscopy at elevated temperature to 60°C that has shown increment in turbidity showed aggregation of the nanoparticles. The TEM and AFM revealed the spherical and smooth surface ANST-PNIPAM NPs. The formulation showed the controlled release of ANST for 48 h at pH 7.4 and triggered release at simulated tumor microenvironment pH 5.0. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the formulation is higher than free ANST and shown dose-dependent cell viability. The higher cell uptake was observed by NPs after 12-h incubation in MCF-7 cell lines using confocal microscopy. Apoptotic evaluation of ANST-PNIPAM NPs exhibited 22.67% in comparison to free ANST where 6% was analyzed on the flow cytometer.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: The existing histological classifications for the interpretation of small intestinal biopsies are based on qualitative parameters with high intraobserver and interobserver variations. We have developed and propose a quantitative histological classification system for the assessment of intestinal mucosal biopsies. METHODS: We performed a computer-assisted quantitative histological assessment of digital images of duodenal biopsies from 137 controls and 124 patients with celiac disease (CeD) (derivation cohort). From the receiver-operating curve analysis, followed by multivariate and logistic regression analyses, we identified parameters for differentiating control biopsies from those of the patients with CeD. We repeated the quantitative histological analysis in a validation cohort (105 controls and 120 patients with CeD). On the basis of the results, we propose a quantitative histological classification system. The new classification was compared with the existing histological classifications for interobserver and intraobserver agreements by a group of qualified pathologists. RESULTS: Among the histological parameters, intraepithelial lymphocyte count of ≥25/100 epithelial cells, adjusted villous height fold change of ≤0.7, and crypt depth-to-villous height ratio of ≥0.5 showed good discriminative power between the mucosal biopsies from the patients with CeD and those from the controls, with 90.3% sensitivity, 93.5% specificity, and 96.2% area under the curve. Among the existing histological classifications, our quantitative histological classification showed the highest intraobserver (69.7%–85.03%) and interobserver (24.6%–71.5%) agreements. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative assessment increases the reliability of the histological assessment of mucosal biopsies in patients with CeD. Such a classification system may be used for clinical trials in patients with CeD.

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INTRODUCTION: Bacteria and their products play a primary etiological role in the initiation and perpetuation of pulpoperiapical pathosis. Intracanal medication is important for endodontic success as it eliminates microorganisms that persist after chemomechanical preparation. AIM: To compare antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide powder, triple antibiotic paste, calcium hydroxide with 2% chlorhexidine solution, and triple antibiotic paste with 2% chlorhexidine solution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 48 nonvital primary teeth were included in this study. After access opening first microbiological sample (s1) was collected by using absorbent paper point introducing into canal. Second microbilogical sample (s2) was taken following chemomechanical preparation and the teeth were divided into four groups: Group I: calcium hydroxide (CH) powder with distilled water; group II: CH with 2% chlorhexidine solution; group III: triple antibiotic powder with distilled water; group IV: triple antibiotic paste with 2% chlorhexidine solution. Then the canals were filled with any one group of the medicament and cavity was temporarily sealed with zinc oxide eugenol. After 1 week, a postmedication sample (s3) was collected. Then the canal was filled with Metapex, restored with glass ionomer cement. CONCLUSION: From the experiments carried out in this study, with the limitations, an inference can be drawn that a combination of antimicrobial agent used as intracanal medicament is definitely better than single agent like Ca(OH)2. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Dutta B, Dhull KS, Das D, Samir PV, Verma RK, Singh N. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of various Intracanal Medicaments in Primary Teeth: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(3):267-271.

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OBJECTIVE@#The study was aimed at evaluating the antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera (EEAA) leaf.@*METHODS@#The anti-ulcer assays were performed on pylorus ligation and chronic ethanol induced ulcer model. The effects of the EEAA on gastric content volume, pH, free acidity, total acidity and ulcer index were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#The percentage of ulcer protection (59.55% and 35.58%) was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the groups treated with the high dose of EEAA (600 mg/kg), it also reduced the volume of gastric juice and total acidity whereas, gastric pH was increased significantly.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results of this study show significant gastroprotective activity of EEAA may be due to presence of phyto-constituents like flavanoids, saponins and tannins.

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Rap1A is a small G protein implicated in a spectrum of biological processes such as cell proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, and embryogenesis. The downstream effectors through which Rap1A mediates its diverse effects are largely unknown. Here we show that Rap1A, but not the related small G proteins Rap2 or Ras, binds the tumor suppressor Ras association domain family 1A (RASSF1A) in a manner that is regulated by phosphorylation of RASSF1A. Interaction with Rap1A is shown to influence the effect of RASSF1A on microtubule behavior.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) varies from 4% to 20% in different Asian nations. Prevalence of IBS in native North Indian community is not known. METHODS: Between November 2008 to December 2009, we estimated the prevalence of IBS in a rural community of Ballabgarh block, located in Haryana state. A structured questionnaire based on Rome III module was used to collect symptoms related to IBS from all the participants in a door to door survey. A Rome III criterion was used for diagnosis of IBS. IBS was further classified based on predominance of symptoms as constipation predominant, diarrhea predominant, mixed and unspecified based on Rome III module. RESULTS: There were 4,767 participants (mean age 34.6 +/- 10.8, males 50%). Overall, 555 (11.6%; 95% CI, 10.7-12.5) had constipation, 542 (11.4%; 95% CI, 10.5-12.3) diarrhea and 823 (17.3%; 95% CI, 16.2-18.4) abdominal pain. The overall prevalence of IBS was 4% (95% CI, 3.5-4.6). The prevalence of constipation predominant IBS was 0.3% (95% CI, 0.16-0.49), diarrhea predominant IBS 1.5% (95% CI, 1.18-1.90), mixed IBS 1.7% (95% CI, 1.35-2.11) and unsubtyped IBS 0.5% (95% CI, 0.32-0.75). The prevalence of IBS was significantly higher in females compared with males (4.8% vs 3.2%, P = 0.008). However, there was no significant difference between males and females in the prevalence of different subtypes of IBS. The prevalence increased with age. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of IBS in a North Indian community is 4%. IBS poses a significant burden on the rural adults.

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<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic illness that has a major impact on the quality of life of the individuals. Our aim was to examine the determinants of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with DM.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>Adult outpatients attending a Diabetes Centre were recruited on consecutive basis between August 2006 and February 2007. Clinical data were collected from interviews with the subjects and from medical records. Assessment of depressive symptoms was done using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and HRQOL using the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36). A two-step regression analysis was conducted for identifying factors affecting patients' quality of life.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Five hundred and thirty-seven patients participated in the study. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 54.7 (13.3) years and 315 (58.7%) were males. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 31.1% (n = 167). After adjusting for other variables, the effects of depressive symptoms persisted for all the 8 domains of SF-36 (P <0.001 for all). The medical factors that were negatively associated with HRQOL were a diagnosis of Type 1 DM, duration of the illness of more than 10 years, HbA1c levels of ≥7%, and comorbidity of stroke and retinopathy. Being male and a regular exerciser had a positive effect on HRQOL.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These findings highlight the importance of detecting and treating comorbid depression in DM.</p>

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OBJECTIVE: The use of non-platinum drugs in concurrent chemoradiation in carcinoma cervix has not been well explored and hence a two arm study was planned to compare the outcome of concomitant cisplatin or gemcitabine in locally advanced carcinoma cervix. METHODS: Thirty six patients were evaluated in this study for response rates and complications. These patients were divided into two arms, sixteen patients in the cisplatin arm and twenty patients in the gemcitabine arm. Cisplatin and gemcitabine were given as i.v. infusion at doses of 40 mg/m2 and 150 mg/m2 respectively for five weeks concomitant with radiotherapy. All patients had received pelvic radiotherapy to a dose of 50 Gy/25 fraction/5 weeks by four field box technique followed by high-dose-rate brachytherapy (3 sessions, each of 7.5 Gy to point A). RESULTS: Median follow up was of 10.4 months (range, 3 to 36 months) and 10.9 months (range, 2 to 49 months) in the cisplatin and gemcitabine arms, respectively. At first follow up, 68.8% in the cisplatin arm and 70% in the gemcitabine arm had achieved complete response (p=0.93). Similar response rates were noted in different stages in both arms. None of the patients except one developed grade 4 toxicity. Similar toxicity profiles were observed in both arms. Local disease control, distant disease free survival and overall survival was 68.8% vs. 70%, 93.8% vs. 85%, 68.8% vs. 60% in the cisplatin and gemcitabine arms, respectively. CONCLUSION: Weekly gemcitabine had similar disease control and tolerable toxicity profile with cisplatin. Gemcitabine may be used as an alternative to cisplatin in patients with compromised renal function.

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