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Objective To investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde,the main active component of cinnamon,on benzene-induced immune injury in mice and the related mechanism.Methods Forty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the control group,model group(benzene 500 mg/kg),cinnamaldehyde low,medium and high dose groups(5,25,50 mg/kg),with 8 mice in each group.Except the control group,mice in each group were treated with benzene by intragastric administration daily to induce immune and oxidative stress damage,but the intervention group was treated with cinnamaldehyde 5 times/week for 3 weeks.After medication,peripheral blood was collected 24 h after the last gavage for blood cell count,and the changes in body weight of mice in each group were observed.The pathological structure of the spleen and thymus was observed via hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.Peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)of mice were extracted and the amounts of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and ATP in mitochondria were measured.Plasma levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)were measured using the barbituric acid method,the activity of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)in plasmawith the dithiodinitrobenzoic acid methodand the activity of total superoxide dismutase(SOD)in plasma using the hydroxylamine method.Results After exposure to benzene,the body weight of the model group became lower(P<0.05).The spleen and thymus were damaged,and the indexes of the spleen and thymus were decreased(P<0.05).Counts of peripheral white blood cells and lymphocyteswere decreased(P<0.05).The activities of GSH and SOD in plasma were decreased(P<0.05),but the content of MDA was increased(P<0.05).The amount of mitochondrial ROS in PBMC was increased,while the ATP content was decreased(P<0.05).The weight of mice increased after treatment with cinnamaldehyde.The spleen and thymus tissues recovered well,and the indexes of the spleen and thymus were increased(P<0.05).Counts of peripheral white blood cells and lymphocytesin the high dose cinnamaldehyde group were increased(P<0.05).The activities of GSH and SOD in plasma were increased,while the content of MDA was decreased(P<0.05).The amount of mitochondrial ROS in PBMC was decreased,but the ATP content was increased(P<0.05).Treatment with cinnamaldehyde could alleviate the damage to the mitochondrial function of PBMC induced by benzene in mice,and 50 mg/kg was the best dose(P<0.05).The therapeutic effect of cinnamaldehyde had a dose-response relationship.Conclusion Cinnamaldehyde can inhibit benzene-induced immune injury and oxidative stress injury in mice by delivering an antioxidant effect and improving mitochondrial enhancement of PBMC.

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The important properties in the development of adsorbents for uranium extraction from seawater include specific selectivity to uranium ions and anti-biofouling ability in the ocean environment. In this paper, we report a novel strategy for efficient selective extraction of uranium from aqueous solutions and good anti-bacterial properties by surface ion-imprinted zeolite molecular sieves. Guanidine-modified zeolite molecular sieves 13X (ZMS-G) were synthesized and used as the support for the preparation of uranium(vi) ion-imprinted adsorbents (IIZMS-G) by ligands with phosphonic groups. The prepared IIZMS-G adsorbent was characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that guanidine groups have been successfully introduced onto the support while its morphology structure was maintained. The adsorption performance and selectivity to U(vi) ions, antibacterial property, and reusability of IIZMS-G were evaluated. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity reached 141.09 mg g-1 when the initial concentration of metal ions was 50 mg L-1 at pH 6 and 20 °C. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The IIZMS-G exhibits an efficient selective adsorption of U(vi) ions from aqueous solutions with competing ions. In addition, the IIZMS-G exhibited excellent inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the inhibitory rate was 99.99% and 98.96% respectively. These results suggest that the prepared IIZMS-G adsorbent may promote the development strategy of novel high selectivity and antifouling adsorbents for uranium recovery from seawater.

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The present study demonstrated a de novo correlation among fiber quality genes in multiple RIL populations including sGK9708 × 0-153, LMY22 × LY343 and Lumianyan28 × Xinluzao24. The current study was conducted to identify the major common QTLs including fiber length and strength, and to identify the co-expression networks of fiber length and strength QTLs harbored genes to target the hub genes. The RNA-seq data of sGK9708 × 0-153 population highlighted 50 and 48 candidate genes of fiber length and fiber strength QTLs. A total of 29 and 21 hub genes were identified in fiber length and strength co-expression network modules. The absolute values of correlation coefficient close to 1 resulted highly positive correlation among hub genes. Results also suggested that the gene correlation significantly influence the gene expression at different fiber development stages. These results might provide useful reference for further experiments in multiple RIL populations and suggest potential candidate genes for functional studies in cotton.

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Objective@#To study the response of Escherichia coli (E. coli) HB101 (plasmid pUC19) and its carried antibiotic resistance genes to the process of cholorination under different environmental conditions.@*Methods@#The E. coli strain was reacted with sodium hypochlorite at the concentration of 0.5, 0.75, 1.00, and 0.55 mg/L, then the residual chlorine and the colonies were detected at the 0.25, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min of the reaction, respectively. The first order disinfection kinetic model and EFH model were used to evaluate the inactivation effect of E. coli (plasmid pUC19) treated by sodium hypochlorite, while the plasmid pUC19 and antibiotic resistance gene ampr were detected by PCR method. Besides, the logarithm of Ct (residual chlorine in t) under different concentration were calculated.@*Results@#The temperature and pH value played important roles on the inactivation of E. coli and elimination of plasmid pUC19 and ampr under the function of sodium hypochlorite. The Ct value needed for 5-log of E.coli HB101(pUC19) inactivation at 4, 20, 36 ℃ was 11.92, 10.28, 7.67, respectively, and when the pH was in 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, with chloride concentration were 0.75, 0.70, 0.55 mg/L, the Ct value needed for reached to 6.68, 10.28, 15.73 min·mg/L. At pH 7.2 condition, when the temperature was 4, 20, 36 ℃, and chloride concentration were 9, 5, 3 mg/L.The required Ct values to completely destroy the transformation function of free antibiotic resistant plasmids were 36.11, 34.17,16.09 min·mg/L. Sodium hypochlorite disinfection can release free ampr gene and even the transformed plasmid pUC19, and pollute the water body. Only when the Ct value reached 903.03 min·mg/L, the complete ampr gene can be destroyed which was far more exceed the bacterial lethal Ct value.@*Conclusion@#Even if all the antibiotic resistant bacteria were inactivated, the antibiotic resistant plasmids or genes might still maintain complete with the transformable function, which may result in new potential risks of waterborne diseases.

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Objective To study the inactivation kinetics and injury mechanism of Escherichia coli under UV disinfection in drinking water.Methods The inactivation kinetics of E.coli ATCC 25922 was determined by plate count methods in the UV disinfection experiment.The morphology,cell membrane permeabilization and injury of biological macromolecules were observed under a transmission electron microscope (TEM).The rate of ONPG hydrolysis and changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes were observed Raman spectroscopy.Results the changes of damaged cells involved morphological damage such as loss of the structural integrity of the wall and membrane,condensation of cellular material and leakage of significant amounts of cytoplasmic material,a more than four-fold increase of cell membrane permeabilization and damage to the structure of protein,nucleic acids and phospholipid.Conclusion UV disinfection can lead to a multi-target damage.

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Objective To compare the impact on the results tested with arterial blood gas analysis and peripheral blood with glucose meter for critical patients in ICU in different temperature states. Methods The samples of venous biochemical test, blood arterial blood gas analysis and peripheral blood of 196 cases of critical patients in ICU were collected synchronously, and measure the D-value, correlation and bias adjustment factor of glucose blood tested with a synchronous fasting blood glucose test and venous/biochemical analyzer in different temperature states and different blood glucose groups, and the results of blood glucose test were analyzed. Results In normal temperature state, hypoglycemia simultaneous rapid intravenous glucose monitoring blood glucose level results compared with the lowest positive rate 3.31%(5/151), while the pairwise comparison showed there was both statistical signifcance between hypoglycemia group and target group (χ2=38.469), hyperglycemia group and target group (χ2=15.504) when choosing a synchronous fasting blood glucose test and intravenous blood glucose test (P<0.01). In high temperatures state, hypoglycemia simultaneous rapid intravenous glucose monitoring blood glucose level results compared with the lowest positive rate 0. There was both statistical significance between hypoglycemia group and target group (χ2=18.187), hypoglycemia group and hyperglycemia group (χ2=12.857) when choose a synchronous fasting blood glucose test and intravenous blood glucose test (P<0.01). Conclusions In high temperatures state, a synchronous fasting blood glucose test can not reflect the true value of blood glucose for critical patients.

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Denitrifying capability of glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) has received great attention in environmental science and microbial ecology. Combining this ability with granule processes would be an interesting attempt. Here, a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated to enrich GAOs and enable sludge granulation. The results showed that the GAO granules were cultivated successfully and the granules had denitrifying capability. The batch experiments demonstrated that all NO3(-)-N could be removed or reduced, some amount of NO2(-)-N were accumulated in the reactor, and N2 was the main gaseous product. SEM analysis suggested that the granules were tightly packed with a large amount of tetrad-forming organisms (TFOs); filamentous bacteria served as the supporting structures for the granules. The microbial community structure of GAO granules was differed substantially from the inoculant conventional activated sludge. Most of the bacteria in the seed sludge grouped with members of Proteobacterium. FISH analysis confirmed that GAOs were the predominant members in the granules and were distributed evenly throughout the granular space. In contrast, PAOs were severely inhibited. Overall, cultivation of the GAO granules and utilizing their denitrifying capability can provide us with a new approach of nitrogen removal and saving more energy.

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The structure dynamic of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) community and the distribution of AOB and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in granular sludge from an anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were investigated. A combination of process studies, molecular biotechniques and microscale techniques were employed to identify and characterize these organisms. The AOB community structure in granules was substantially different from that of the initial pattern of the inoculants sludge. Along with granules formation, the AOB diversity declined due to the selection pressure imposed by process conditions. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing results demonstrated that most of Nitrosomonas in the inoculating sludge were remained because of their ability to rapidly adapt to the settling-washing out action. Furthermore, DGGE analysis revealed that larger granules benefit more AOB species surviving in the reactor. In the SBR were various size granules coexisted, granule diameter affected the distribution range of AOB and NOB. Small and medium granules (d<0.6 mm) cannot restrict oxygen mass transfer in all spaces of the sludge. Larger granules (d>0.9 mm) can result in smaller aerobic volume fraction and inhibition of NOB growth. All these observations provide support to future studies on the mechanisms responsible for the AOB in granules systems.

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The relationship between extracellular polymerase substances (EPS) and sludge characteristic were investigated by extraction and analysis of EPS in different size biomass and membrane fouling in an aerobic granule membrane bioreactor (GMBR). The results indicated that the contents of EPS, polysaccharides and proteins in large granules (particle diameter, d>0.45mm) were significantly lower than that in small granules (d<0.45mm) and flocculent sludge. In addition, the content of EPS in membrane fouling was more than that in suspended biomass. For flocculent sludge, the sedimentation and filtering performance decreased markedly as increasing EPS content. However, for granular sludge, there was no significant correlation between EPS content and sludge characteristics. Furthermore, application of aerobic granule can improve sludge filtering properties and delay the process of membrane fouling, as a result of better morphological structure and lower EPS content.

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Objective To construct reference standards for detection and quantification of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae) with SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR assay. Methods Primers were designed based on the published sequence of the phoE gene of K.pneumoniae. The standard was prepared by cell culture, PCR and T-A clone methods, and was identified by colony PCR and DNA sequencing. Results The standard curve showed a very good linear negative regression between threshold cycle (Ct) and Log starting quantity of copy number. The detection range was from 5.2 to 5.2×106 copies per reaction, and the detection limit was 6 copies per reaction. The coefficients of variance (CVs) of three parallel experiments were in the range of 0.05%-0.91%. Conclusion The reference standards have high stability and reproducibility. They can be used in the quantitative detection of K.pneumoniae.

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Objective To study the prevalence and genotypes of rotavirus (RV) among children,< 5 years old hospitalized with viral diarrhea in Tianjin. Methods Stool specimens were collected from hospitalized diarrhea children in Tianjin children's hospital between May 2008 and April 2009. Detection of rotavirus was employed by Colloidal Gold Device. The detected positives were inoculated to MA-104 cells. The total RNA of virus was extracted after CPE which was caused by rotavirus were observed, The VP7 serotypes were determined by using RT-PCR to amplify the VP7 gene and sequencing the RT-PCR products.The clinical data for each patient were also collected. Results Among 837 specimens, the RV antigen positive rate was 26. 3% (220/837). Among all the children with rotavirus diarrhea, 90. 5% (199/220)were < 2 years old. The prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea in children peaked during Oct. 2008 through Apr.2009. Of the 208 rotavirus positive specimens, 95 were successfully identified by RT-PCR Thirty-five positive strains of RV were sequenced, and the sequencing results showed that 32 positive strains were belonged to rotavirus G1 type, 2 positive strains were belonged to rotavirus G3 type and 1 positive strain were belonged to rotavirus C9 type. Conclusion RV was the dominant etiological agent for infantile diarrhea infection in Tianjin, and the predominant serotype was G1.

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Objective To study the pathogenic prevalence and genotypes of astrovirus among children under 5 years old hospitalized with diarrhea in Tianjin. Methods A total 837 stool specimens were collected from children with diarrhea hospitalized in Tianjin children's hospital from May 2008 to April 2009. Astrovirus antigens were detected using ELISA and the postive specimens were inoculated in CaCo-2cells. After the CPE caused by virus were observed, the total RNA of virus was extracted, then the genomc fragments of the strains were amplified by using RT-PCR and confirmed by sequencing of the RT-PCR products. Detection of rotavirus was employed by Colloidal Gold Device. Results Astrovirus antigen was found positive in 3.0% of the patients. The coinfection rate of astrovirus and rotavirus was 0. 7% (6/837).Ninety-six persent of children with astrovirus diarrhea were younger than 2 years of age, Forty-eight persent of children with astrovirus diarrhea were younger than 6 months. The astrovirus infections occurred mainly between August 2008 and April 2009. Of the 21 astrovirus positive specimens, 11 cases were successfully identified by RT-PCR and they were all serotype 1. Conclusion Astrovirus is a major cause of nonbacterical diarrhea between 2008 and 2009 in Tianjin, and the predominant serotype is type 1.

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Objective To detect the intestinal pathogenic bacteria quickly and accurately from water. Methods An experimental procedure is set up using the gene chip technology to detect and identify common intestinal pathogenic bacteria from water. Target gene was amplified and hybridized with prepared gene chip.Results 143 strains of bacteria in pure culture belong to 9 genera are successfully discriminated under comparatively same condition and a series of specific hybridization maps corresponding to each kinds of bacteria are obtained.Conclusions Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are detected and identified by the technology of gene chip. The accuracy, range, and discriminatory power of the assay can be continually improved by adding further oligonueleotides to the arrays without significantly increasing complexity or cost.

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Objective To screen and seperate nitrobacteria that could be used to treat nitrogenous compound pollution.Methods Autotrophic nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were screened by enrichment culture from soil.After morphological and biological detection,primers were designed to detect the distinctive gene norB of nitrobacteria.The PCR production was se-quenced,and the homology was identified according to the sequence in Genbank.Results One strain of bacterium was screened that could oxidize nitrite.This bacterium was small,light-yellow bacilli.The expected-size DNA fragments could be amplicated by PCR.The sequence of a PCR production was blasted in Genbank and showed99%consistent with norB gene of N hamburgensis.Conclusion It was preliminarily confirmed that the microorganism screened in this study might be nitrobac-terium.

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Nitrogen pollution in water body can not only cause eutrophication but also has direct hazardous effects on animals and human beings. The removal of ammonium is an important process in modern wastewater treatment systems. It is generally achieved by a traditional treatment system of combination of two processes,aerobic nitrification and anoxic denitrification,but these processes are very complex and the cost is higher. In recent years,some new principles have been proposed,such as aerobic denitrification,anaerobic ammonium oxidation,heterotrophic nitrification,which make simultaneous nitrification-denitrification possible. The domestic and foreign study progress in aerobic denitrification was reviewed in this paper.

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Objective To amplify and sequence the distinctive norB gene of Nitrobacterium. Methods The norB gene was amplified by PCR and was cloned into T-vector and then transformed into E.coli JM109. After white-and-blue selection, positive colonies were sequenced with T7 sequencing primers by Takara Company. Spliced with Vector NTI Suite software, the homologous analysis of sequences were conducted in Genbank through Internet. Results The results showed that all of norB genes obtained from the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were homologous with the norB gene of Nitrobacterium hamburgensis in Genbank. The homology ranged from 96% to 98%, and there were no frameshift mutations, which guaranteed the correct ORF. Conclusion The obtained genes are norB genes indeed.

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Objective To study the condition for Pseudomonas sp. W2 culture and degradation of bisphenol A(BPA). Methods The growth curve of Pseudomonas sp. W2 and BPA degradation curve were made concerned pH, temperature, aeration, carbon sources and nitrogen sources affecting Pseudomonas sp. W2 culture and BPA degradation. Results Under the conditions of pH=7, 25-35 ℃, certain carbon sources and nitrogen sources, Pseudomonas sp. W2 grew well and showed a good efficiency of BPA degradation. Conclusion Some wide conditions can meet the requirement of Pseudomonas sp. W2 growth and BPA degradation.

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With the development of science and society, increasing attention has been paid to the pollution of environmental estrogens. As one of environmental estrogens, bisphenol-A has been used in many fields, but it has many aspects of toxicity. The studies on the toxicity, environmental pollution, degradation and removal of bisphenol-A have become the research emphasis in recent years. The advances in the studies of these aspects were reviewed in this article briefly.

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Objective To investigate the feasibility of reverse transcription_polymerase chain reaction (RT_PCR) to evaluate the inactivation efficacy of viruses in water, and to discuss the mechanisms of HAV inactivation by chlorine. Methods Cell cultrue, ELISA method and long_overlapping RT_PCR were developed to detect the infectivity, antigenicity and entire genome of HAV inactivated by chlorine. Results The cell culture results revealed that the infectivity was completely inactivated after exposure to 10 mg/L or 20 mg/L of cholrine for more than 30 minutes, the antigenicity was completely inactivated after exposure to 10 mg/L of chlorine for 60 minutes. The 5' nontranslated region (5'NTR) of neculear acids of HAV was the most sensitive to chlorine, which was confirmed with the inactivation of infectivity of HAV. Conclusions The results implied that the inactivation of HAV by chlorine was due to the loss the 5' NTR. It was believed that PCR could be used to assess the efficacy of disinfection of HAV by chlorine and also could be applied to research the inactivation mechanisms of viruses by disinfectants.

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Objective : To study the protective effects of two antioxidants on the influence of passive smoking on learning and memory ability of mouse offspring. Method: Passive smoking model of pregnant mice was established. Learning and memory ability was evaluated by water maze and long term potentiation (LTP). Nitric oxide (NO) content and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity of brain, vitamin E(VE) concentration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of serum were determined. Results: Latency (the swimming time from beginning to endpoint) and errors (the number of entering blind end) in control and two antioxidant groups were shorter as compared with tobacco smoking (TS) group after 6 d in water maze test, and still shorter after 10 d in control and TS+VE groups. LTP was inhibited in TS group but increased significantly in two antioxidant groups. NOS activitiy was significantly higher in TS group in comparisonwith the control. NO content of TS+VE group was significantly lower than TS and TS+Q groups. Serum VE concentration and ROS level were correlated with the results of latency in water maze and LTP. Conclusion: Passive smoking of the pregnant mice may restrain LTP formation through disturbance of hippocampus function, and reduce the learning and memory ability of the offspring and VE may protect such effects.