RESUMEN

Alcohol-related cues acquire incentive salience through Pavlovian conditioning and then can markedly affect instrumental behavior of alcohol-dependent patients to promote relapse. However, it is unclear whether similar effects occur with alcohol-unrelated cues. We tested 116 early-abstinent alcohol-dependent patients and 91 healthy controls who completed a delay discounting task to assess choice impulsivity, and a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm employing both alcohol-unrelated and alcohol-related stimuli. To modify instrumental choice behavior, we tiled the background of the computer screen either with conditioned stimuli (CS) previously generated by pairing abstract pictures with pictures indicating monetary gains or losses, or with pictures displaying alcohol or water beverages. CS paired to money gains and losses affected instrumental choices differently. This PIT effect was significantly more pronounced in patients compared to controls, and the group difference was mainly driven by highly impulsive patients. The PIT effect was particularly strong in trials in which the instrumental stimulus required inhibition of instrumental response behavior and the background CS was associated to monetary gains. Under that condition, patients performed inappropriate approach behavior, contrary to their previously formed behavioral intention. Surprisingly, the effect of alcohol and water pictures as background stimuli resembled that of aversive and appetitive CS, respectively. These findings suggest that positively valenced background CS can provoke dysfunctional instrumental approach behavior in impulsive alcohol-dependent patients. Consequently, in real life they might be easily seduced by environmental cues to engage in actions thwarting their long-term goals. Such behaviors may include, but are not limited to, approaching alcohol.

Asunto(s)

Alcoholismo/psicología , Condicionamiento Operante/fisiología , Descuento por Demora/fisiología , Conducta Impulsiva/fisiología , Adulto , Abstinencia de Alcohol/psicología , Conducta de Elección/fisiología , Señales (Psicología) , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas

RESUMEN

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The diabetes susceptibility locus Nidd/SJL was identified in an outcross of New Zealand obese (NZO) and lean Swiss/Jackson Laboratory mouse strain (SJL) mice. Here we characterise its effects in a NZO x F1(SJLxNZO) backcross population raised on high-fat or standard diet, and describe its interaction with the obesity quantitative trait locus (QTL) Nob1. METHODS: NZO x F1(SJLxNZO) backcross mice were raised on a normal or high fat diet and were monitored (body weight, blood glucose, serum insulin) for 22 weeks. Genotypes of polymorphic markers were determined by PCR, and linkage analysis was done. Pancreas morphology was assessed by conventional staining and immunohistochemistry of insulin. RESULTS: In backcross mice raised on a high-fat diet, Nidd/SJL produced hyperglycaemia (maximum likelihood of the odds (LOD) score 9.9), hypoinsulinaemia, reduction of islet-cell volume, and loss of beta cells. No effect was observed on body weight and serum insulin concentrations before the onset of hyperglycaemia. The development of diabetes in carriers of Nidd/SJL was markedly accelerated and aggravated by the obesity/hyperinsulinaemia QTL Nob1; together, these loci were responsible for approximately 90% of the diabetes observed in the backcross population. When raised on a standard diet, Nidd/SJL carriers exhibited a fivefold higher prevalence of diabetes, but Nob1 failed to enhance the effect of Nidd/SJL. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: Diabetes in this obese mouse model is the result of an interaction of genes responsible for obesity/insulin resistance (e.g. Nob1) and islet cell failure ( Nidd/SJL). The combined diabetogenic effects of Nidd/SJL and Nob1 were markedly enhanced by a high-fat diet, whereas that of Nidd/SJL alone was independent of the dietary fat content.

Asunto(s)

Diabetes Mellitus/genética , Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Ratones Obesos/genética , Obesidad , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Animales , Mapeo Cromosómico , Cruzamientos Genéticos , ADN/genética , ADN/aislamiento & purificación , Dieta , Femenino , Genotipo , Hiperglucemia/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Mutantes/genética , Páncreas/patología , Factores de Tiempo

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: : There is little information on the limits of cerebral autoregulation and the autoregulatory capacity in children. The aim of this study was to compare dynamic cerebral autoregulation between healthy adolescents and adults. METHODS: : Seventeen healthy volunteers 12-17 years (n = 8) and 25-45 years (n = 9) were enrolled in this study. Bilateral mean middle cerebral artery flow velocities (Vmca; (cm/s)) were measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and end-tidal carbon dioxide were measured continuously during dynamic cerebral autoregulation studies. Blood pressure cuffs were placed around both thighs and inflated to 30 mmHg above the systolic blood pressure for 3 min and then rapidly deflated, resulting in transient systemic hypotension. The change of Vmca to change in MAP constitutes the autoregulatory response, and the speed of this response was quantified using computer model parameter estimation. The dynamic autoregulatory index (ARI) was averaged between the two sides. RESULTS: : Adolescents had significantly lower ARI (3.9 +/- 2.1 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.8; P=0.05), and higher Vmca (75.2 +/- 15.2 vs. 57.6 +/- 15.0; P<0.001) than adults. CONCLUSION: : The autoregulatory index is physiologically lower in normal adolescents 12-17 years of age than in adults.

Asunto(s)

Circulación Cerebrovascular/fisiología , Homeostasis/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Niño , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Arteria Cerebral Media/fisiología , Valores de Referencia

RESUMEN

We used mouse genetics to model how polygenic thresholds for the transition from impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to NIDDM are reached. NON/Lt and NZO/Hl are inbred mouse strains selected for IGT and polygenic obesity, respectively. Their F1 male progeny consistently developed NIDDM. Genetic analysis of F2 males from both cross directions identified an NON-derived diabetogenic locus, Nidd 1, on chromosome (Chr) 4 near the leptin receptor. This locus was associated with reduced plasma insulin, increased non-fasted blood glucose, and lower body weight. Another NON-derived diabetogenic locus on Chr 18 (Nidd2) that controls blood glucose was identified. An NZO-derived diabetogenic region on Chr 11 (Nidd3), possibly comprising two separate loci, reduced ability to sustain elevated plasma insulin and significantly reduced weight gain over time. Thus, the diabetogenic synergism between genetic loci from strains separately exhibiting subthreshold defects perturbing glucose homeostasis underscores the likely complexity of the inheritance of obesity-associated forms of NIDDM in humans.

Asunto(s)

Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Animales , Mapeo Cromosómico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatología , Umbral Diferencial/fisiología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Genoma , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/genética , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/fisiopatología , Masculino , Ratones , Obesidad/genética , Fenotipo

RESUMEN

It is known that intermittent dobutamine therapy improves the symptoms and physical condition of patients with chronic heart failure, but its arrhythmogenic effect is insufficiently described. The aim of this study was to assess ventricular arrhythmias and the condition of patients before, during, and after intermittent dobutamine therapy. The 23 patients participating in the study were in New York Heart Association functional classes III and IV despite therapy with digitalis, diuretics, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Starting dosage of dobutamine was 2 microg/kg/min, which was raised gradually up to 12 microg/kg/min, or until the appearance of complaints or symptoms. In group I (7 patients), for 24 hours before dobutamine infusion, Holter monitoring had been performed. In the subsequent 24 hours, during the infusion, patients were monitored in the critical care unit, but the second Holter test was performed only after the infusion, i.e., in the third 24 hours. In group II (16 patients), the Holter monitoring was started 4 hours before dobutamine infusion and was continued for an additional 20 hours, during the drug administration. In the 24 hours after dobutamine treatment, another Holter monitoring was performed. There was no increase in frequency of ventricular arrhythmias after the dobutamine infusion compared with the preinfusion period, but during dobutamine administration, ventricular arrhythmias occurred more frequently than in the preinfusion and postinfusion periods. No ventricular fibrillation was observed in the 23 patients. In conclusion, ventricular arrhythmias are frequent in congestive heart failure, and dobutamine infusion increases their incidence. The arrhythmogenic effect of dobutamine subsides on the day after the dobutamine infusion. Because of the arrhythmogenic effect of dobutamine, admission to the critical care unit is suggested during the infusion, but monitoring is not necessary after the end of the infusion.

Asunto(s)

Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/efectos adversos , Arritmias Cardíacas/inducido químicamente , Dobutamina/efectos adversos , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Anciano , Enfermedad Crónica , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with minor head injury experience impairments in cerebral autoregulation. Twenty-nine patients with minor head injuries defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 13 to 15 underwent testing of dynamic cerebral autoregulation within 48 hours of their injury using continuous transcranial Doppler velocity recordings and blood pressure recordings. Twenty-nine age-matched normal volunteers underwent autoregulation testing in the same manner to establish comparison values. The function of the autoregulatory response was assessed by the cerebral blood flow velocity response to induced rapid brief changes in arterial blood pressure and measured as the autoregulation index (ARI). Eight (28%) of the 29 patients with minor head injury demonstrated poorly functioning or absent cerebral autoregulation versus none of the controls, and this difference was highly significant (p = 0.008). A significant correlation between lower blood pressure and worse autoregulation was found by regression analysis in head-injured patients (r = 0.6, p < 0.001); however, lower blood pressure did not account for the autoregulatory impairment in all patients. Within this group of head-injured patients there was no correlation between ARI and initial GCS or 1-month Glasgow Outcome Scale scores. This study indicates that a significant number of patients with minor head injury may have impaired cerebral autoregulation and may be at increased risk for secondary ischemic neuronal damage.

Asunto(s)

Lesiones Encefálicas/fisiopatología , Circulación Cerebrovascular , Homeostasis , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Velocidad del Flujo Sanguíneo , Presión Sanguínea , Conmoción Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagen , Conmoción Encefálica/fisiopatología , Lesiones Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagen , Isquemia Encefálica/etiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Arterias Cerebrales/diagnóstico por imagen , Arterias Cerebrales/fisiopatología , Hemorragia Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Hemorragia Cerebral/fisiopatología , Femenino , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Análisis de Regresión , Factores de Riesgo , Fracturas Craneales/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas Craneales/fisiopatología , Ultrasonografía Doppler Transcraneal , Resistencia Vascular

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Focal encephalitis may be associated with brain edema, which is often fatal. The control of intracranial pressure (ICP) is therefore crucial for further therapeutic strategies in space-occupying edema following encephalitis. However, aggressive treatment strategies such as hemicraniectomy have not been described in a larger series of patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We describe the clinical course and outcome in six patients who developed severe brain edema associated with acute encephalitis. All received maximum medical treatment for elevated ICP, but with signs of brainstem compression emerging, hemicraniectomy was performed to control ICP. RESULTS: All patients had a very severe encephalitic syndrome and were treated over the course of weeks in the neurocritical care unit (NCCU). However, all patients recovered almost completely and showed only mild or no neurologic deficit when reexamined after 4 months to 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Hemicraniectomy should be considered in patients with severe brain edema following encephalitis as a potentially lifesaving therapeutic measure. Moreover, the initial neurologic deficit seems to have no impact on the long-term clinical outcome.

Asunto(s)

Edema Encefálico/cirugía , Encefalitis/cirugía , Cráneo/cirugía , Adulto , Edema Encefálico/diagnóstico , Edema Encefálico/etiología , Encefalitis/complicaciones , Encefalitis/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Seudotumor Cerebral/complicaciones , Seudotumor Cerebral/diagnóstico , Seudotumor Cerebral/cirugía

RESUMEN

The significance of cardiac normal variants such as patent foramen ovale (PFO), mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) as potential intracardiac sources of embolism in patients with cerebral ischemia is still discussed controversially. In the present study, we determined the prevalence of PFO, MVP and ASA in patients with suspected embolic cerebral events after exclusion of cerebrovascular disease. Therefore, 164 consecutive patients with suspected embolic cerebral events as suggested by cranial computer tomography or clinical neurological examination were divided into two groups: patients with "classical" potential cardiac source of embolism (group I, n = 81, age 52 +/- 10 years) and patients without such potential cardiac sources of embolism (group II, n = 83, age 56 +/- 12 years). The prevalence of PFO, but not that of MVP and ASA, was significantly higher in group I than in group II (group I: 33.3% vs. group II: 2.4%; chi-square 88.5, p < 0.0001). In the absence of "classical" potential cardiac sources of embolism transesophageal echocardiography reveals a PFO in approximately 30% of the cases. This finding supports the significance of PFO as a potential cardiac source of embolism.

Asunto(s)

Isquemia Encefálica/etiología , Ecocardiografía Transesofágica , Aneurisma Cardíaco/complicaciones , Defectos del Tabique Interatrial/complicaciones , Embolia y Trombosis Intracraneal/etiología , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/complicaciones , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagen , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Aneurisma Cardíaco/diagnóstico por imagen , Defectos del Tabique Interatrial/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Embolia y Trombosis Intracraneal/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/diagnóstico por imagen , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

This article discusses the dental techniques, methods and materials used in the South during the Civil War based on the dental restorations found in the skulls of four confederate soldiers. The skulls display a variety of dental filling materials, including thorium, lead, tin and tin amalgam. These materials were used at a time when more valuable materials, such as gold and silver, were not readily available in the South.

Asunto(s)

Restauración Dental Permanente , Guerra , Amalgama Dental , Historia del Siglo XIX , Plomo , Sudeste de Estados Unidos , Torio , Estaño

RESUMEN

We have used restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to investigate the immunoglobulin constant heavy chain (IgCH) loci and the associated locus Dl4Sl, of Caucasoids from South East England and South-West. West Germany, Haplotypes were determined using probes to the Ig heavy chain switch loci S mu and S alpha 1, the IgC gamma 3 and IgC gamma 2 loci as well as the Dl4Sl locus which is 3' of the IgCH loci. The 6.3:1.7 kilobase (kb) Bst EII C gamma 3-C gamma 2 haplotype was the most prevalent in the population from South-East England (frequency 0.364), whilst the 2.3:3.7 kb C gamma 3-C gamma 2 haplotype was the major haplotype in the German population (frequency 0.400). With one exception, the major haplotypes of these two populations differed from the ones previously published for a Caucasoid population from California. This suggests that there may be a major ancestral IgCH haplotype which has been maintained in the population, whilst other haplotypes tend to be specific for a particular group of Caucasoids.

Asunto(s)

Regiones Constantes de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Cadenas Pesadas de Inmunoglobulina/genética , California , Mapeo Cromosómico , ADN/aislamiento & purificación , Sondas de ADN , Inglaterra , Alemania , Haplotipos , Humanos , Hibridación de Ácido Nucleico , Linaje , Polimorfismo Genético , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Población Blanca

RESUMEN

We have recently examined polymorphisms of immunoglobuline heavy chain genes at S mu and S alpha 1 switch region loci by RFLP technique and described differences of genotype frequencies between healthy controls and patients with IgA-nephritis and Henoch-Schönlein-Purpura respectively. In the present study we further characterized the heavy chain constant region of IgG2 and IgG3 and, in addition, a hypervariable region (D 14 S 1) of unknown function localized downstream. In the present larger patient cohort we confirmed a higher frequency of S alpha 1 7.4 kb homozygotes in patients with IgA-nephritis (but not SHP), i.e. 62.0% vs 38.8% in controls, p less than 0.001. Compared to controls RFLP-frequencies of the constant region of IgG2 were also different in patients with IgA-nephritis, but not RFLP frequencies of D 14 S 1 or of the constant region of IgG3. Patients with IgA-nephritis homozygote for 7.4 kb in S alpha 1 had more adverse renal outcome and hypertension and more severe histological lesions (i.e. interstitial fibrosis, p less than 0.005).

Asunto(s)

Glomerulonefritis por IGA/inmunología , Vasculitis por IgA/inmunología , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genes de Inmunoglobulinas , Genes de Cambio , Glomerulonefritis por IGA/genética , Humanos , Vasculitis por IgA/genética , Cadenas Pesadas de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción

RESUMEN

The distribution of 125I-insulin in cardiocytes was analyzed by light microscope autoradiography. Semithin sections were used to distinguish between surface-bound and internalized tracer. At 37 degrees C, when steady state binding conditions were reached, 40 to 60% of the cell-bound tracer was located in the plasma membrane region and the remainder was in the cell interior. Autoradiograms of whole cells were used to study the distribution of tracer molecules on the cell surface. Because Poisson distributions of silver grains were observed on 90% of the cells, it was concluded that the distribution of the insulin-receptor complexes was close to random. In contrast to the findings of Schlessinger et al., no aggregation of insulin-receptor complexes into patches was observed.

Asunto(s)

Insulina/análogos & derivados , Miocardio/metabolismo , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Animales , Autorradiografía , Insulina/metabolismo , Cinética , Miocardio/citología , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Temperatura

Asunto(s)

Autorradiografía/métodos , Membrana Celular/ultraestructura , Receptor de Insulina , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Radioisótopos de Yodo , Hígado/citología , Linfocitos/ultraestructura , Masculino , Microscopía , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Ratas , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo

RESUMEN

With the large-scale preparation described, as much as 1 kg of bovine liver can be processed, giving a yield of more than 1 g plasma membrane protein. From analytical and morphological criteria the plasma membrane fraction isolated mainly derives from bile-canalicular and contiguous areas of the hepatocytes. The insulin binding activity is quite similar to insulin receptors in other cell systems and membrane preparations. Insulin-degrading activity is very low in the isolated plasma fraction. Most of degrading activity is located in a microsomal membrane fraction. Nevertheless the Km and the pH dependence of the insulin-degrading activity in both fractions are nearly identical. From these studies we conclude that binding and degradation of insulin are two independent processes located on different cell organelles.

Asunto(s)

Insulina/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Animales , Bovinos , Fraccionamiento Celular , Membrana Celular/enzimología , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Cinética , Hígado/ultraestructura , Receptor de Insulina/aislamiento & purificación

RESUMEN

Light microscopic autoradiography performed subsequent to intraocular injection of 3H-leucine revealed silver grains (SG) above axons of the optic tract which could be followed into the ventral and caudal portion of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and above the contralateral anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHN). By high resolution photometric measurement and computer processing the labelled areas were analysed, thus yielding statistical data of the relative grain distribution. The highest SG density was found in the ventrolateral part of both SCN (SCvl), confirming earlier reports concerning retinohypothalamic connections. That area exhibiting a cytoarchitecture different from the remaining nucleus was traversed, however, by numerous labelled axons. In the caudal part of both SCN a specific projection field of retinal fibres could be located. Here, almost no traversing fibres contribute to the rather circumscribed marked area. In the ventral part of the contralateral AHN, diffuse labelling well above background levels could be observed. Distinction between bypassing and terminating fibres within the SCvl could not be made using light microscopy. Analysis of SG distribution of the SCvl with electron microscopic autoradiography revealed a specific localization of SG within presynaptic terminals containing clear vesicles and pale mitochondria.

Asunto(s)

Hipotálamo/citología , Ratas/anatomía & histología , Retina/citología , Vías Visuales/anatomía & histología , Animales , Autorradiografía , Axones , Leucina , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica , Mitocondrias

RESUMEN

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (pyruvate : lipoate oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-acetylating), EC 1.2.4.1), from pig heart, was studied by spray freeze etching and negative staining. From freeze etching experiments an average particle weight of 7-10(6) was estimated. Negative staining after glutaraldehyde fixation and freeze etching of unfixed and prefixed enzyme solutions yielded no significant difference in particle dimensions: the majority of the isometric complex molecules measured approximately 400 A in diameter. Tantalum tungsten shadowed freeze etch replicas indicated that the surface of the complex is built up of globular units. The relative positions of these units are in good agreement with the model still under discussion.

Asunto(s)

Complejo Piruvato Deshidrogenasa , Animales , Cristalografía , Grabado por Congelación , Sustancias Macromoleculares , Microscopía Electrónica , Miocardio/enzimología , Conformación Proteica , Complejo Piruvato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Coloración y Etiquetado , Porcinos

RESUMEN

The detection of carbamate pesticides by an enzyme-inhibition method on impregnated (ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, beta,beta'-oxydipropionitrile) cellulose thin layer plates is described. The enzyme-substrate combination: pig liver esterase-indophenylacetate (chromogenic substrate) was the most sensitive. The following parameters concerning the sensitivity of the method were investigated: enzyme source, substrate, pH, inhibition time, inhibition temperature, thickness of the cellulose layer, stationary phase.

Asunto(s)

Carbamatos , Celulosa , Esterasas , Insecticidas/análisis , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/análisis , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada , Métodos

RESUMEN

The authors developed a thin-layer chromatographic technique for the separation of carbamate pesticides from plant material and an enzymatic method for their determination. The cellulose plates were impregnated with polar substances (ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and beta,beta'-oxydipropionitrile). n-Heptane/chloroform and iso-octane/dioxane served as solvents. The slight enzyme-inhibiting effect and the colouration of the plant extracts render the detection of the pesticides difficult. Nevertheless, the separation and the enzymatic detection of Methomyl, Carbaryl, Baygon and Aldicarb could be achieved. The Rf values of the carbamates are not influenced by the kind (apples, pears, onions) and the quantity (50--200 mg) of the plant material.

Asunto(s)

Herbicidas/análisis , Insecticidas/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Plantas/análisis , Aldicarb/análisis , Bencimidazoles/análisis , Carbaril/análisis , Clorprofam/análisis , Colinesterasas , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada/métodos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Frutas/análisis , Metomil/análisis , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Propoxur/análisis , Verduras/análisis

Asunto(s)

Complejo Piruvato Deshidrogenasa , Saccharomyces/enzimología , Sitios de Unión , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Mercaptoetanol , Microscopía Electrónica , Unión Proteica , Conformación Proteica , Dodecil Sulfato de Sodio , Coloración y Etiquetado , Ultracentrifugación

Asunto(s)

Miocardio/enzimología , Oxidorreductasas , Aciltransferasas , Animales , Carboxiliasas , Centrifugación por Gradiente de Densidad , Coenzima A , Focalización Isoeléctrica , Sustancias Macromoleculares , Microscopía Electrónica , Modelos Estructurales , Oxidorreductasas/aislamiento & purificación , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolasas , Piruvato Quinasa , Piruvatos , Porcinos , Ácido Tióctico , Ultracentrifugación