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BACKGROUND: Thermo-expandable urethral stent (Memokath 028) implantation is an alternative treatment for older patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic obstruction. Following prostatic urethral stent implantation, minor complications such as urinary tract infection, irritative symptoms, gross hematuria, and urethral pain have been observed; however, there are no reports of life-threatening events. Herein, we report a critical case of Fournier's gangrene that occurred 7 years after prostatic stenting. CASE SUMMARY: An 81-years-old man with benign prostatic hyperplasia (volume, 126 ccs; as measured by transrectal ultrasound) had undergone insertion of a thermo-expandable urethral stent (Memokath 028) as he was unfit for surgery under general anesthesia. However, the patient had undergone a suprapubic cystostomy for recurrent acute urinary retention 4 years after the insertion of prostatic stent (Memokath 028). We had planned to remove the Memokath 028; however, the patient was lost to follow-up. The patient presented to the emergency department 3 years after the suprapubic cystostomy with necrotic changes from the right scrotum to the right inguinal area. In digital rectal examination, tenderness and heat of prostate was identified. Also, the black skin color change with foul-smelling from right scrotum to right inguinal area was identified. In computed tomography finding, subcutaneous emphysema was identified to same area. He was diagnosed with Fournier's gangrene based on the physical examination and computed tomography findings. In emergency room, Fournier's gangrene severity index value is seven points. Therefore, he underwent emergent extended surgical debridement and removal of the Memokath 028. Broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics were administered and additional necrotic tissue debridement was performed. However, the patient died 14 days after surgery due to multiorgan failure. CONCLUSION: If Memokath 028 for benign prostatic hyperplasia is not working in older patients, its rapid removal may help prevent severe complications.

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PURPOSE: Though prompt diagnosis to minimize symptom duration (SD) is highly associated with organ salvage in cases of testicular torsion (TT), SD is subjective and hard to determine. We thus investigated the clinical implications of systemic inflammatory responses (SIRs) as potential surrogates of SD to improve testis survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty men with TT that underwent immediate operation among orchiectomy and orchiopexy following a visit to a single emergency department were retrospectively enrolled. Mandatory laboratory tests conducted included neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet counts. RESULTS: Mean age and SD was 15.7±3.7 years and 8.27±4.98 hours, respectively. Thirty-eight (63.3%) underwent orchiectomy and the remaining 22 underwent orchiopexy. Leukocytosis (p=0.001) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR, p<0.001) were significantly lower in the orchiopexy group as was SD (3.27±1.88 vs. 11.16±3.80, p<0.001). Although multivariate model showed that the only single variable associated with receipt of orchiopexy was SD (odds ratio [OR]=0.259, p<0.001), it also revealed NLR as a sole SIR associated with SD (B=0.894, p<0.001). While 93.3% with a SD of within 3 hours underwent orchiopexy, only 26.6% of affected testes were preserved between 3 to 12 hours (n=30). When multivariable analysis was applied to those with window period, NLR alone predicted orchiopexy rather than orchiectomy (p=0.034, OR=0.635, p=0.013). The area under curve between SD (0.882) and NLR (0.756) was similar (p=0.14). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed NLR independently predicted testis survival by proper surgical correction particularly for patients with marginally delayed diagnosis, which suggest the clinical usefulness for identifying candidates for orchiopexy in emergency setting.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term outcomes from the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure, we investigated the data from a minimum 13-year follow-up and predictive risk factors affecting efficacy for treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: A total of 206 (mean age, 59.2 ± 8.8 years) women who underwent the TVT procedure for SUI were selected and followed up for at least 13 years (mean, 162.4 months; range, 156-174) after TVT procedure. We analyzed the long-term results and the predictive parameters for success rates and patients' satisfaction. RESULTS: At 13 years after surgery, the overall cure rate was 82.5%, with a satisfaction rate of 67.5%. Univariable analysis demonstrated an association of symptom grade of SUI with cure rates, while the presence of frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence showed an association with patients' satisfaction. However, in multivariable logistic regression model, none of those variables were identified as an independent risk factor related to the cure and satisfaction rate. Twenty one patients (10.2%) had postoperative complications at 1-year follow-up after surgery. However, at 13 years follow-up after surgery, only three patients (1.5%) had postoperative complications, including mesh exposure in one patient and de novo urgency in two patients. CONCLUSION: Our long-term data, which illustrate the absence of long-term adverse events secondary to TVT procedure and the high success rate both in subjective and objective goals regardless of any independent predictive factors, suggest the TVT procedure as a recommendable method for the management of female SUI.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect on sexual function of patients and their spouses after transobturator tape (TOT) procedure, prospectively. Midurethral sling procedure has been widely performed for treatment of urinary incontinence; however, little has been reported regarding sexual function after surgery. METHODS: Between September 2012 and June 2013, 65 patients undergoing TOT and their sexual partners were enrolled. An investigation was conducted using validated, self-administered questionnaires, Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and satisfaction domain on Male Sexual Health Questionnaire (MSHQ) for evaluation of couple's sexual function. They completed the research on preoperative and postoperative visits at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: Of 65 couples, 56 couples completed this study. The mean age of patients and their partners were 46.7 ± 5.7 and 49.1 ± 6.2 years, respectively. The mean follow-up period was 16.5 ± 2.9 months. A significant loss of total FSFI score was observed at postoperative 3 months (P = 0.003), which was regained after postoperative 6 months. In comparison with baseline and postoperative 12 months, total FSFI score showed significant improvement (P < 0.001). There were significant improvements in desire, arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction on FSFI domain (P = 0.018, 0.012, 0.014, and 0.008, respectively). In male counterparts, significant improvements were observed in MSHQ satisfaction domain regarding sexual relationship, quality of sex life, partner's affection during sex, and communication about sex (P = 0.007, <0.001, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Improvement of incontinence by TOT can improve not only female sexual function but also sexual satisfaction of partners.

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No abstract available.

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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate clinical effect and safety of α1A -adrenoceptor blocker, silodosin, in patients with voiding dysfunction caused by neurogenic bladder. METHODS: From April 2011 to January 2012, patients who were diagnosed as potential voiding dysfunction associated with neurogenic bladder, aged ≥ 20 years were enrolled. Silodosin (8 mg/day) was administered once daily in the morning with food. The efficacy was assessed at the baseline and after 12 weeks of the treatment having following parameters of international prostate symptom score and other measures including the maximum flow rate and the postvoid residual urine volume. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients were screened and 95 were enrolled. Of these 95 patients, 82 patients were completed and included in analysis. After 12-weeks of treatment, mean total international prostate symptom score decreased significantly from 22.23 ± 6.80 to 14.98 ± 9.48 (P = 0.0002). Voiding symptoms and storage symptoms were also improved by decreasing in international prostate symptom score-QoL from 4.62 ± 0.92 to 3.48 ± 1.63 (P < 0.0001). Maximum flow rate increased significantly from 10.72 ± 2.66 to 15.14 ± 6.63 (P < 0.0001). The main adverse event was ejaculation disorder. No serious adverse events related to silodosin were noted. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that silodosin was significantly effective, well tolerated and safe in patients who have voiding dysfunction associated with neurogenic bladder.

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The Ael subgroup expresses the least amount of A antigens and could only be detected by performing the adsorption-elution test. The frequency of the Ael subgroup is about 0.001% in Koreans, and the Ael02 allele, which originates from A102, is the most frequently identified allele in the Korean population. We report a Korean family with the Ael03 allele identified by molecular genetic analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such report in Korea to date.

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The goal of our study was to evaluate the impact of the interval between prostate biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the accuracy of simple tumor localization, which is essential information that enables nerve-sparing surgery. We also sought to determine the optimal timing of a post-biopsy MRI. A total of 184 patients who had undergone MRI before radical prostatectomy at an institution without a predetermined schedule for MRI after a prostate biopsy were enrolled. The mean interval from the biopsy to the MRI was 30.8 ± 18.6 days. The accuracy of the MRI for simplifi ed tumor location (right, left, bilateral and none) was 44.6%. In the group with discordant pathologic and MRI fi ndings, the most common reason recorded was 'MRI predicted a unilateral lesion, but pathology revealed bilateral lesions' (58.3%), followed by 'MRI predicted no lesion, but pathology revealed the presence of a lesion' (32.0%). Multivariable analysis showed that the discordant group had a shorter interval (25.0 ± 14.3 vs 38.1 ± 20.6 days, P < 0.01) preceding the MRI and a higher rate of hemorrhage as observed by MRI (80.4% vs 54.8%, P < 0.01) in comparison with the accordant group. In receiver operating characteristics analysis, the area under the curve of the MRI interval in accurate prediction of the tumor location was 0.707 (P < 0.001). At the MRI interval's cutoff of 28.5 days, the sensitivity was 73.2% and the specificity was 63.7%. When the MRI was performed within 28 days, the accumulated accuracy was only 26.1% (23/88); however, when it was performed after 28 days, the reversely accumulated accuracy was 61.5% (59/96). These data support a waiting period of at least 4 weeks after a biopsy before performing an MRI for the purposes of surgical refinement.

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PURPOSE: Whereas sexual function has long been assumed to be an important component of adult men's lives, the impact of sexual dysfunction has not been estimated in parallel to other modern disease entities. We compared the seriousness of erectile dysfunction (ED) with that of other diseases by use of self-administered questionnaires. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2012 and July 2012, 434 healthy male volunteers (group 1) and 263 ED patients (group 2) were enrolled. The questionnaire consisted of the following: "If you must undergo only one disease in all your life, which disease could you select among these items or ED?" The comparative disease entities included hypertension, diabetes mellitus (oral hypoglycemic agent/insulin injection), hemodialysis, myocardial infarction, herpes zoster, chronic sinusitis, chronic otitis media, gastric cancer (early/late), lung cancer (early/late), liver cancer (early/late), and dementia. RESULTS: Group 1 recognized ED as being a more serious disease than hypertension, diabetes mellitus (oral hypoglycemic agent), herpes zoster, chronic sinusitis, and chronic otitis media. In comparison, group 2 recognized ED as being a more serious condition than diabetes mellitus (insulin injection) and dementia (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). In particular, ED was deemed to be more serious than hemodialysis, gastric cancer (early), lung cancer (early), and liver cancer (early) by men in group 2 in their 30s to 40s, and these results were statistically significant compared with the same age subgroups in group 1 (p<0.001, p<0.007, p<0.02, and p<0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with their healthy counterparts, Korean men with ED recognized ED as being as serious as hemodialysis, dementia, and early stage cancer, which reflects the severe bother of ED in Korean patients.

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PURPOSE: Recently, reports in the mass media have implicated that bicycle riding increases the risk of erectile dysfunction and prostatic diseases. So, we evaluate the impact of bicycle riding on erectile function and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in healthy general men. METHODS: From 26 June 2010 to 20 July 2010, we investigate degree of LUTS (voiding and storage symptoms), using International Continence Society-male Questionnaire (ICS-mQ) and erectile function using International Index of Erectile Function-5 Questionnaire (IIEF-5) in 5 work places (personnel of public office, hospital, university, etc.) of which bicycle riding club members were doing active club activities. Respondents, who participated in club activities for 6 months and longer, were classified as the bicycle club (142 men; age, 44.02±8.56). Ones who do not ride bicycles were classified as the control group (83 men; age, 42.13±7.85). People who were having the history of urological and other chronic diseases (diabetes, vascular disease, heart disease, etc) were excluded from both groups. RESULTS: Bicycle club is not significantly associated with increased prevalence of LUTS (bicycle club, 2.1 to 57.7% control, 4.8 to 73.5%) and erectile dysfunction (bicycle club, 46.1% control, 55.4%). The total mean score (storage/voiding/erectile function) of bicycle club (13.93±1.95/11.14±3.49/20.46±5.30) were not significantly different from control (14.35±2.49/11.52±3.38/20.40±4.07) (P=0.190 to 0.968). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that bicycle riding as exercise or hobby has no negative effect on LUTS and erectile function in healthy general men, although this research data were limited to the questionnaire analysis.

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Midurethral tension-free sling procedure has become one of the most popular techniques for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. As the time elapsed, however, complications associated with a synthetic tape have been reported to occur. Recently, we experienced a rare case of urethral erosion with perineal cellulitis at anterior wall of vagina after midurethral sling procedure. So our experience was presented with a review of literature.

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PURPOSE: We assessed the long-term effects of the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) on voiding, storage, and patient satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study examined the records of 134 patients who had undergone the TVT procedure for SUI and were followed up for more than 5 years. Voiding function was evaluated by measuring maximum urinary flow rate (MFR), post-void residual urine volume (PVR), and storage function by using a voiding diary. Patients were asked to describe their satisfaction with the operation. RESULTS: MFR was lower at 1 month compared with the preoperative level, but had recovered to preoperative levels by 5 years postoperatively. However, some patients with >50%, 25-50%, and <25% decreases in the MFR at 1 month postoperatively showed a decrease in the MFR of >50% at 5 years. PVR increased over the 5 postoperative years. Of the patients with urgency and urgency incontinence, 43.8% and 48.1% showed improvement, respectively, whereas new patients developed postoperatively. Thus, the total number of patients with urgency or urgency incontinence remained similar over the 5 years. In those with a changed voiding pattern, patient satisfaction was negatively affected by de novo urgency and urgency incontinence and decreased MFR. CONCLUSIONS: Any obstructive effect of the TVT procedure diminished over time in most patients, although a decrease in the MFR was sustained in some patients. With regard to overactive bladder symptoms, some patients were cured and some patients complained of de novo symptoms. The most major factor affecting patient satisfaction was de novo urgency.

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PURPOSE: This study was designed to objectively assess the impediment of incontinence to quality of life (QoL) in females and its improvement by the midurethral sling (MUS) procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 2006 to June 2007, 93 female patients underwent the MUS procedure at our institute because of urinary incontinence. The incontinence quality of life (I-QoL) questionnaire was administered to measure the QoL of the incontinent patients before and 1 and 12 months after the MUS procedure. Preoperative data and urodynamic factors were analyzed retrospectively by I-QoL scores to identify factors that may affect the QoL of incontinent patients. RESULTS: The average preoperative I-QoL score of the 93 patients was 61.1+/-21.0 points. At 1 year after surgery, the average I-QoL score was found to have improved to 98.4+/-20.7 points. There were no significant differences between stress and mixed urinary incontinence in terms of cure and satisfaction (p>0.05). I-QoL scores of the cured and improved patients increased at 1 year after surgery (p<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in the increment of I-QoL between cured and improved patients (p>0.05). Although urinary urgency and large urine leak amounts significantly reduced preoperative QoL in incontinent patients, the MUS procedure effectively improved the QoL regardless of these factors. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative I-QoL assessment revealed a significant impairment of QoL in incontinent women, but the MUS procedure effectively improved these women's QoL.

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We have assessed the efficacy and safety of Escherichia coli extract (ECE; Uro-Vaxom) which contains active immunostimulating fractions, in the prophylactic treatment of chronically recurrent cystitis. Forty-two patients with more than 2 episodes of cystitis in the proceeding 6 months were treated for 3 months with one capsule daily of ECE and observed for a further 6 months. The primary efficacy criterion was the number of episodes of recurrent cystitis during the 6 months after treatment compared to those during the 6 months before treatment. At the end of the 9-month trial, 34 patients (all women) were eligible for statistical analysis. Their mean age was 56.4 yr (range, 34-75 yr), and they had experienced recurrent urinary tract infections for 7.2+/-5.2 yr. The number of recurrences was significantly lower during the 6-month follow-up period than during the 6 months preceding the trial (0.35 vs. 4.26, P<0.001). During the follow-up, 28 (82.4%) patients had no recurrences and 4 (11.8%) had 1 each. In patients who relapsed, ECE alleviated cystitis symptoms, including painful voiding, frequency and urgency. There were no serious adverse events related to the study drug. Our study demonstrates the efficacy and safety of ECE in the prophylactic treatment of chronically recurrent cystitis.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term results and predictive risk factors for efficacy after the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure for treating female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Inall, 306 women (mean age 50.7 years, sd 8.7) who had a TVT procedure for SUI were selected and followed >or=7 years (mean 92.3 months, range 84-110) after surgery. We analysed the long-term results, the variables predictive of cure rates, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: The overall 7-year cure rate was 84.6%, with a satisfaction rate of 69.3%. The cure rates were lower in patients with high-grade SUI (50% in grade III, 82.8% in grade II and 90.7% in grade I; P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, there were no independent risk factors related to cure rate, and urgency was the only factor independently associated with patient satisfaction (P = 0.008; odds ratio 2.47). Seventy-one patients (23.2%) had complications at the 1-month follow-up after surgery, but only eight (2.6%) had complications at the 7-year follow-up, including mesh exposure in six and de novo urgency in two. CONCLUSION: The absence of long-term adverse events associated with the TVT procedure, and high subjective and objective 7-year success rates with no independent predictive factors affecting the long-term cure rate, make the TVT procedure a recommendable surgical treatment for female SUI.

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OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the predictive risk factors that could affect the long-term efficacy of the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: One hundred thirty-eight (mean age, 52.4+/-9.3 yr) women who underwent the TVT procedure for SUI were selected and followed up for at least 5 yr (mean, 67.2 mo; range, 60-76) after the surgery. We analyzed the preoperative and intraoperative parameters using univariate and multivariate regression for cure rates and patients' satisfaction. RESULTS: The overall 5-yr cure rate was 76.8%, with a satisfaction rate of 86.9%. The cure rates were lower in patients with high body mass index (BMI>or=25 kg/m2/BMI<25 kg/m2=68.3%:83.3%, p=0.044), low abdominal leak point pressure (ALPP<60 cm H2O/ALPP>or=60 cm H2O=51.6%:82.8%, p=0.003), and high grade of SUI (40.0% in grade III; 69.7% in grade II; 86.6% in grade I, p=0.012). On multivariate analysis, there were no independent risk factors related to cure rate, and urgency was the only factor independently associated with patients' satisfaction (p=0.017; odds ratio=4.114). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the TVT procedure is effective for female SUI without any independent predictive factors affecting long-term cure rate. Urgency was the only predictive factor affecting patient satisfaction. However, high BMI, low ALPP, and high grade of incontinence may impair the cure rate of the TVT.

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OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to evaluate the impact of coital incontinence on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in women with lower urinary tract symptoms. METHODS: A total of 180 women with sexual activity were evaluated. To obtain HRQOL assessments, patients were asked to fill out the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36) questionnaires. RESULTS: The coital incontinence group had more frequently symptoms including urgency, urge incontinence, bladder pain, stress incontinence, unpredictable incontinence, nocturnal incontinence, reduced stream, and stopping flow than the no coital incontinence group. The frequency of incontinence and volume of leakage were also higher in the coital incontinence group than the no coital incontinence group. All symptom questions regarding sexual matters and quality of life except cutting down on fluid were more frequent in patients with coital incontinence than those without coital incontinence. Of the eight domains in the SF-36 questionnaire, five domains, namely, Physical functioning, Role-physical functioning, Social functioning, Role-emotional functioning, and Mental health were significantly different between the two groups. When comparing the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms scores in the two groups, the scores in all domains except Voiding symptoms in the coital incontinence group were significantly higher than those in the no coital incontinence group. Patients with coital incontinence had more HRQOL impairment than those without coital incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that more emphasis should be placed on coital incontinence in the terminology of urinary incontinence.

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Innovative replacement of incontinence surgery (IRIS) is a polypropylene tape that is placed beneath the midurethra to restore urinary continence. We evaluated the long-term efficacy and safety of the IRIS procedure and compared it with tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. We included all 66 consecutive women who underwent IRIS (n=34) or TVT (n=32) between February 2002 and April 2003 and followed them up for at least 3 yr postoperatively. The 3-yr success rate was 94.1% for the IRIS and 93.8% for the TVT, and the satisfaction rates were 91.2% and 90.6%, respectively. Intraoperative complications for the IRIS group included 3 cases of bladder perforation, and there were 3 cases of bladder perforation in the TVT group. The postoperative complications for the IRIS group included 2 patients with de novo urgency and one patient with mesh erosion. Three patients with TVT developed de novo urgency. One case of each group showed temporary voiding difficulty. On the basis of our results, the IRIS may be an effective and safe procedure as compared to TVT, with a high success rate and a low complication rate.

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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bipolar transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) using the Gyrus PlasmaKinetic System compared with conventional monopolar TURP. This study included 102 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who underwent TURP from January 2003 to March 2005. In all, 49 consecutive patients had bipolar and 53 had monopolar TURP. All patients were assessed by preoperative and postoperative International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), uroflowmetry, transrectal ultrasonography, operative time, weight of resected tissue, change in serum sodium and hemoglobin, duration of catheter use, length of hospital stay, and complication rates. Significant improvement was seen postoperatively in both groups, and no difference was observed in the resection time, weight of resected tissue, change in serum sodium and hemoglobin, improvement of IPSS and peak flow rate (Qmax), or complication rates over the 12-month follow-up in both groups. There was, however, a significant difference in duration of catheter use and hospital stay. Duration of catheter use (2.28 days vs. 3.12 days) and hospital stay (3.52 days vs. 4.27 days) were shorter in the bipolar group (p = 0.012 vs. p = 0.034, respectively). Our results demonstrate that bipolar TURP using the Gyrus Plasma Kinetic System is as effective as conventional monopolar TURP with the additional advantage of reduced length of catheter use and hospital stay. Bipolar TURP is a promising new technique that may prove to be a good alternative to conventional TURP in the future.

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OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the long-term efficacy and safety of a tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in a Korean population. METHODS: We included 134 patients (mean age, 52.3+/-9.3 yr) who underwent the TVT procedure for SUI in three institutions and followed for 5 yr (mean, 67.0 mo; range, 60-76 mo) postoperatively. We analysed voiding diaries and complete multichannel urodynamic studies preoperatively as well as cough stress tests, uroflowmetry, and questionnaires postoperatively. RESULTS: The overall 5-yr success rates (cure/improved) were 94.9% (76.9% and 18.0%, respectively), with an 86.6% patient satisfaction rate. Although the success rates between 1 and 5 yr were similar (97.7% vs. 94.9%), the cure rate decreased from 90.1% to 76.9% (p<0.001) at 5 yr. The 5-yr cure rate for mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) was 72.0%, which was not significantly different from pure SUI (78.0%, p>0.05). Maximal flow rate dropped from 25.9+/-10.3ml/s to 20.4+/-8.6ml/s at 1 mo postoperatively and recovered to 24.8+/-8.5ml/s at 5 yr. Complications included bladder perforation in 5 patients (3.7%), tape cutting or release in 11 (8.2%), and persistent suprapubic pain in 3 (2.2%). Urgency and urge incontinence improved in 46.7% and 48.0% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TVT was an effective and safe procedure for SUI and MUI with high success rates in the long-term follow-up. It also improved concomitant overactive bladder symptoms and initially reduced postoperative urine flow, which recovered over time.

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