RESUMEN
We here report of a conference about "Pesticides in Soil, Groundwater and Food in Latin America as part of One Health" that took place at the "IV Seminario Internacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (SISA)" in Varadero, Cuba, 8-12 May 2023. Researchers of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico) and Switzerland (workshop initiator) held presentations about occurrence and effects of pesticides on the environment, human health, the replacement of highly hazardous pesticides (HHP) by agroecological alternatives and the agri-food value chain. In a subsequent round table discussion, the presenters identified deficits, needs, interests and opportunities. According to them, the lack of awareness of pesticide use affects the health and safety of workers applying the chemicals. Despite Latin America representing the main agricultural area in the world with a very intense pesticide use, monitoring data of pesticides in soil, surface and groundwaters, food, as well as in humans are missing. Risks of pesticides to humans should be assessed so that authorities can withdraw or limit within "short time" the access to corresponding formulations on the market. Also, communication is not state of the art and should be improved as, e.g. the teaching of workers and farmers, how to correctly use and apply pesticides or the briefing of decision makers. Pollinators suffer from multiple stressors not the least due to pesticides, and alternatives are badly needed. On the technical side, the different analytical methods to determine residues of active ingredients and transformation products in matrices of concern should be harmonized among laboratories.Seven future actions and goals were identified to overcome the above deficits. Next steps after the publishing of this conference report are to harmonize and complete the information status of the presenters by exchanging the results/data already present. Therefore, a platform of interaction to address issues described above and to enhance collaboration shall be created. Samples of different matrices shall be exchanged to harmonize the chemical analysis and establish interlaboratory comparisons. Such activities might be facilitated by joining international associations or organizations, where researchers can offer their expertise, or by forming a new pesticide network for Central and South America that could present tailored projects to national and international organizations and funding agencies.
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Agua Subterránea , Salud Única , Plaguicidas , Humanos , América Latina , Plaguicidas/análisis , Suelo , BrasilRESUMEN
Resumen El presente estudio presenta la descripción de la producción de conocimiento en salud, la calidad de vida, los factores globales que afectan la salud, los sistemas, servicios y políticas de salud, las estructuras y procesos que afectan diferencialmente la salud de la población en el marco de las prioridades del plan decenal de salud pública en Bogotá desde 2010 hasta 2013. Se tomaron en consideración los planteamientos del Plan Decenal de Salud Pública 2012-2021 y la agenda temática priorizada en CT+I para la Salud, Bogotá, 2013. Por consiguiente, a partir del análisis de 1516 documentos localizados en bibliotecas universitarias públicas y privadas, de instituciones de salud, publicaciones científicas en revistas y online. Se diseñó una base de datos, una ficha descriptiva con 140 ítems y una entrevista semiestructurada. La información obtenida se sometió a análisis tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos. En diferentes investigaciones se incluye el tema de la política pública como un eje clave para la producción y apropiación de conocimiento en el tema de salud. Otros estudios sugieren la necesidad de fortalecer los mecanismos de prevención y promoción de la salud, la atención de problemas específicos como las enfermedades transmisibles que ponen en riesgo la salud de la población residente en la capital. También se encuentran sugerencias para el mejoramiento de la calidad de los sistemas, servicios de salud. Se sugiere fortalecer la investigación en salud en la Capital para tener un conocimiento actualizado en este campo y contribuir al desarrollo de la política pública en salud para el Distrito Capital.
Abstract This study presents the description of knowledge production in health, quality of life, global factors that affect health, health systems, services and policies, structures and processes that differentially affect the health of the population in the framework of the priorities of the 10-year public health plan in Bogotá from 2010 to 2013. The proposals of the Ten-Year Public Health Plan 2012-2021 and the thematic agenda prioritized for Health, Bogotá, 2013 were taken into consideration. Consequently, from the analysis of 1516 documents located in public and private university libraries, health institutions and scientific publications. A database was designed, a descriptive sheet with 140 items and a semi-structured interview. The information obtained was subjected to both quantitative and qualitative analyzes. In different investigations, the topic of public policy is included as a key axis for the production and appropriation of knowledge in the subject of health. Other studies suggest the need to strengthen mechanisms for prevention and promotion of health, attention to specific problems such as communicable diseases that put the health of the population living in the capital at risk. Suggestions are also found for the improvement of the quality of the systems, health services. It is suggested to strengthen health research in the Capital to have updated knowledge in this field and contribute to the development of public health policy for the Capital District.
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Política Pública , Sistemas de Salud , Salud Pública , Política de Salud , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto , Calidad de Vida , Investigación , Mejoramiento de la Calidad , Instituciones de Salud , Promoción de la Salud , Servicios de SaludRESUMEN
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver failure (ALF) is a serious health problem in developed countries. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), the current therapy for APAP-induced ALF, is not always effective, and liver transplantation is often needed. Opuntia spp. fruits are an important source of nutrients and contain high levels of bioactive compounds, including antioxidants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Opuntia robusta and Opuntia streptacantha extracts against APAP-induced ALF. In addition, we analyzed the antioxidant activities of these extracts. Fruit extracts (800mg/kg/day, orally) were given prophylactically to male Wistar rats before intoxication with APAP (500 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Rat hepatocyte cultures were exposed to 20mmol/LAPAP, and necrosis was assessed by LDH leakage. Opuntia robusta had signiï¬cantly higher levels of antioxidants than Opuntia streptacantha. Both extracts signiï¬cantly attenuated APAP-induced injury markers AST, ALT and ALP and improved liver histology. The Opuntia extracts reversed APAP-induced depletion of liver GSH and glycogen stores. In cultured hepatocytes, Opuntia extracts signiï¬cantly reduced leakage of LDH and cell necrosis, both prophylactically and therapeutically. Both extracts appeared to be superior to NAC when used therapeutically. We conclude that Opuntia extracts are hepatoprotective and can be used as a nutraceutical to prevent ALF.
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Antioxidantes/farmacología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/prevención & control , Opuntia/química , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Acetaminofén/efectos adversos , Analgésicos no Narcóticos/efectos adversos , Animales , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/etiología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: We determined the seroprevalence and correlates of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in Aguascalientes City, Mexico. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Pregnant women were enrolled in the central Mexican city of Aguascalientes. PARTICIPANTS: We studied 338 pregnant women who attended prenatal care in 3 public health centres. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Women were examined for IgG/IgM antibodies to T. gondii by using commercially available enzyme immunoassays, and an avidity test. Multiple analyses were used to determine the association of T. gondii seropositivity with the characteristics of the pregnant women. RESULTS: Of the 338 pregnant women studied, 21 (6.2%) had IgG antibodies to T. gondii, and 1 (4.8%) of them was also positive for IgM antibodies to T. gondii. Avidity of IgG antibodies to T. gondii was high in the IgM-positive sample. Logistic regression analysis of sociodemographic, behavioural and housing variables showed that T. gondii seropositivity was associated with white ethnicity (OR=149.4; 95% CI 10.8 to 2054.1; p<0.01), not washing hands before eating (OR=6.41; 95% CI 1.73 to 23.6; p=0.005) and use of latrine (OR=37.6; 95% CI 4.63 to 306.31; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrate that pregnant women in Aguascalientes City have a low seroprevalence of T. gondii infection. However, this low prevalence indicates that most pregnant women are at risk for a primary infection. Factors associated with T. gondii exposure found in this study, including food hygiene, may be useful to determine preventive measures against T. gondii infection and its sequelae.
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Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Toxoplasma/crecimiento & desarrollo , Toxoplasmosis/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Desinfección de las Manos , Vivienda , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Modelos Logísticos , México/epidemiología , Oportunidad Relativa , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/parasitología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Cuartos de Baño , Toxoplasmosis/parasitología , Población Blanca , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
En este trabajo se presenta una reflexión sobre el debate de la minería ilegal en Colombia. Se abordan aspectos tales como el contexto legal e ilegal de la minería, los enfoques narrativosdel mismo, los efectos ambientales y la existencia de una meta-narrativa que con supuestos básicos constituyentes contribuya a la solución del problema. Se utilizó un método de análisis de conceptos y criterios, dentro de un enfoque narrativo. El análisis indica quela metanarrativa de la comunidad con los supuestos constituyentes de la diversidad con inadecuación medios-fines y la relación productiva con el medio ambiente internalizandolos efectos ambientales, junto con una lógica policontextural y dialógica, pueden ayudar a superar el conflicto entre las diferentes narrativas.
This paper presents a reflection on the debate of illegal mining in Colombia. It addresses aspects such as the legal and illegal mining context, its narrative approaches, the environmental effects, and the existence of a meta-narrative that contributes to the solutionof the problem with constituent basic assumptions. A method of analysis of concepts and criteria, within a narrative approach, was used.
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Humanos , Economía , Minería , Política , Colombia , América LatinaRESUMEN
The Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) is a commercial product used as a nutraceutic herbal remedy in Europe and US. It contains 27% of the polyphenols isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin, as antioxidants. We used male adult Wistar rats (200-300 g), divided into four groups: control group (treated with 5.0 mg/kg of sodium chloride, intravenous), titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) group (5.0 mg/kg, intravenous), GbE group (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), and GbE + TiO2-NPs group (treated 24 h before with 10 mg/kg of GbE, intraperitoneal), followed, 24 h later, by 5.0 mg/kg of TiO2-NPs intravenously. The statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test for grouped data with ANOVA posttest. The GbE protected renal cells against the effects of TiO2-NPs because it reversed the increased activity of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and the enzymatic activity of dipeptidylaminopeptidase IV at all times tested (0-5, 5-24, 24-48, and 48-72 h). Also it reversed the glucosuria, hypernatriuria, and urine osmolarity at three times tested (5-24, 24-48, and 48-72). Thus, we conclude that GbE has a beneficial activity in the cytoplasmic membranes of brush border cells on the renal tubules, against the adverse effects that can be produced by some xenobiotics in this case the TiO2-NPs, in experimental rats.
RESUMEN
Se determinaron las afectaciones psicológicas, estrategias de afrontamiento y niveles de resiliencia de 677 adultos expuestos al conflicto armado en un municipio colombiano. Los participantes del estudio fueron seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio por afijación proporcional. Se aplicaron el cuestionario de síntomas, prueba de estrés postraumático y escalas de estrategias de afrontamiento y resiliencia. Las principales afectaciones psicológicas encontradas son el sentimiento de que alguien trata de hacerle daño, consumo de alcohol, alteraciones del estado de ánimo y síntomas de estrés postraumático. Las estrategias de afrontamiento más empleadas son la religión y esperar que las cosas se arreglen solas. El nivel de resiliencia es moderado. La percepción de salud es baja y la necesidad de atención es alta.
The psychological symptoms, the coping strategies and the resilience levels of 677 adults exposed to armed conflict in a Colombian town were evaluated. The participants of the study were selected via random sampling by proportional allocation. A questionnaire of symptoms, a test of posttraumatic stress disorder, and several scales of coping strategies and resilience were applied. The main psychological symptoms found were the feeling that someone wanted to harm the participant, alcohol consumption, mood disorders, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress. The coping strategies most employed were religion and waiting until things straightened out by themselves. The level of resilience is moderate. The perception of health is low and the need for health care is high.
Neste estudo, foram determinados as afetações psicológicas, as estratégias de enfrentamento e os níveis de resiliência em 677 adultos expostos ao conflito armado num município colombiano. Os integrantes do estudo foram selecionados mediante amostragem aleatória por alocação proporcional ao tamanho do estrato amostragem. Aplicaram-se o questionário de sintomas, o teste de estresse pós-traumático e as escalas de estratégias de enfrentamento e resiliência. As principais afetações psicológicas achadas são o sentimento de que alguém tenta fazer-lhe mal, consumo de álcool, alterações do estado de ânimo e sintomas de estresse pós-traumático. As estratégias de enfrentamento mais empregadas são a religião e esperar que as coisas sejam ajustadas sozinhas. O nível de resiliência é moderado. A percepção de saúde é baixa, e a necessidade de atenção, alta.
RESUMEN
Se pretendió identificar, caracterizar y analizar las investigaciones realizadas en Bogotá D. C., en el campo de la salud, la calidad de vida y la enfermedad, durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2013. Mediante una investigación de carácter documental descriptiva y transversal, se analizaron 1466 documentos referidos a artículos publicados, tesis doctorales, de maestría, de especialidades médicas y documentos estatales generados por programas de formación posgradual, grupos de investigación, centros de investigación, e instituciones de salud. Para la recolección de la información se validó y utilizó una ficha de 140 ítems, en la que se registraban los aspectos formales, relacionados con la descripción del documento, metodología, resultados, discusión y recomendaciones. Los análisis descriptivos e inferenciales, evidencian que el campo en que más se ha investigado es el de la salud (41%) y el que menos se ha abordado es el de calidad de vida (0.2%). El enfoque de investigación más utilizado ha sido cuantitativo (54.3%) y el tipo de investigación descriptivo (53.2%). Los productos de investigación se han publicado en su mayoría en revistas colombianas del área de medicina (98.7%). Solo un 1% se ha hecho en revistas de lengua inglesa. Se encuentra una gran diversidad en temas de investigación y muy poca coherencia con las líneas de investigación propuestas por la agenda de la Secretaría de Salud de Bogotá.
The aim was to identify, characterize and analyze the research carried out in Bogotá D.C., in the health, the quality of life and disease areas, during the period from January 2010 to December 2013. Through an investigation of descriptive and cross- documentary, were analyzed 1466 documents referring to published articles, Phd and masters thesis, medical specializations research and state documents generated by programs of postgraduate training, research groups, research centers, and health institutions. To collect the information, was validated and used a record form with 140 items, which was registered the formal aspects, related to the document description, methodology, results, discussion and recommendations. The descriptive and inferential analysis, show that the area that more has been investigated is the health (41 %) and the least has addressed is the quality of life (.2 %). The research approach has been more used is quantitative (54.3 %) and the type of is descriptive research (53.2 %). The products of research have been published in most Colombian Journal in the area of medicine (98.7 %). Only 1% has been done in Journal of the English language. There is a large diversity in research topics and very low consistency with the lines of research proposals for the agenda of Secretaría de Salud de Bogotá.
Asunto(s)
Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto , Calidad de Vida , Proyectos de Investigación , Enfermedad , Grupos de Investigación , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Instituciones de Salud , Investigación , Estado , Equipos y Suministros , Metodología como un TemaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The sphenopalatine foramen is located on the lateral nasal wall and has multiple variants and anatomic landmarks that are important to know to optimize RESULTS in the surgical management of posterior epistaxis. OBJECTIVE: This study describes the endoscopic anatomy of the sphenopalatine foramen, related structures and anatomic variations in a Mexican population. METHODS: We performed a prospective, observational, and experimental study. Five cadaveric specimens were included. Dissections were performed to identify the anatomy of the sphenopalatine foramen and anatomic variants. Measurements were obtained from different anatomic references to the columella. RESULTS: Of a total of ten dissections, in 100% of cases ethmoid crests were identified anterior to the sphenopalatine foramen. Localization of the sphenopalatine foramen in the lateral nasal wall in 60% cases was in the transition from middle meatus with superior meatus. The vidian nerve in 90% of cases was located superior and posterior to the sphenopalatine foramen. For the measurements, no significant differences between the two sides of each specimen were noticed. CONCLUSIONS: The sphenopalatine foramen presents multiple anatomic variants and numerous landmarks, which are important to comprehend in order to perform a successful and safe endoscopic sinus surgery.
ANTECEDENTES: el foramen esfenopalatino se localiza en la pared nasal, con múltiples variantes y referencias anatómicas que es importante conocer para optimizar los RESULTADOS del tratamiento quirúrgico y la epistaxis posterior. OBJETIVO: describir la anatomía endoscópica del foramen esfenopalatino, las estructuras relacionadas, y las variantes anatómicas en población mexicana. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo, observacional y experimental. Se incluyeron 5 especímenes cadavéricos, se realizaron las disecciones para identificar la anatomía del foramen esfenopalatino y sus variantes anatómicas, se midieron diferentes referencias anatómicas a la columela. RESULTADOS: de 10 disecciones realizadas, en 100% de los casos se identificó la cresta etmoidal anterior al foramen esfenopalatino, la localización en la pared nasal en 60% de los casos fue en la transición del meato medio con el meato superior, el nervio Vidiano en 90% de los casos se localizó posterosuperior al foramen esfenopalatino. En relación con las mediciones no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos lados de cada fosa nasal. CONCLUSIONES: las variantes anatómicas del foramen esfenopalatino son múltiples, por lo que contar con referencias anatómicas es de suma importancia para poder localizarlo durante la cirugía endoscópica nasal. Palabras clave: foramen esfenopalatino, arteria esfenopalatina, nervio vidiano, epistaxis posterior, cresta etmoidal, pared nasal.
Asunto(s)
Paladar Duro/anatomía & histología , Hueso Esfenoides/anatomía & histología , Anciano , Puntos Anatómicos de Referencia/anatomía & histología , Endoscopía , Nervio Facial/anatomía & histología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cavidad Nasal/anatomía & histología , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
Se determinaron las afectaciones psicológicas de 284 niños y adolescentes expuestos al conflicto armado en una zona rural colombiana, seleccionados mediante un muestreo aleatorio por afijación proporcional. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron: la Lista de chequeo de comportamiento infantil, el Auto-reporte de comportamientos de jóvenes, la Lista de síntomas postraumáticos, la Escala de estrategias de afrontamiento para adolescentes y la Escala de resiliencia para escolares. El 72% de la población presentó afectaciones psicológicas: el 64.4%, conductas internalizadas, el 47%, conductas externalizadas en rango clínico. El 32%, problemas somáticos; el 56%, se encontraba en riesgo de estrés postraumático, y el 93% consumía alcohol en grado moderado. La estrategia de afrontamiento más utilizada era dejar que las cosas se arreglaran solas. Se encontró una alta necesidad de atención en salud. Ser hombre constituyó un factor de riesgo de depresión, agresión y problemas sociales en los niños. A su vez, tener hasta doce años y estar cursando un grado escolar bajo, lo fue para los síntomas somáticos en adolescentes. Los resultados evidenciaron la afectación en la salud mental de los participantes.
Psychological effects were determined in 284 children and adolescents exposed to armed conflict in a rural area of Colombia, selected through random sampling proportional allocation. The instruments applied were: The Child Behavior Checklist, the Youth Behavior Self-report, the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children, the Coping Scale for Adolescents and the Resilience Scale for School Children. Findings showed that 72% of the population suffers from psychological problems, 64.4 from internalizing behavior and 47% from externalizing behavior within clinical range. It was also found that 32% had somatic problems, 56% were at risk for PTSD and 93% had moderate alcohol consumption. The most frequently used coping strategy was to leave things get fixed by themselves. There was a high need for health care. Being male constituted a risk factor for depression, aggression and social problems in children. In turn, being up to12 years old and a student of a lower grade were risk factors for somatic symptoms in adolescents. Results clearly revealed the impact on mental health of the population under study.
Determinaram-se as afetações psicológicas de 284 crianças e adolescentes expostos ao conflito armado em uma zona rural colombiana, selecionados mediante uma amostragem aleatória. Os instrumentos aplicados foram: a Lista de checagem de comportamento infantil, a autoavaliação de comportamentos de jovens, a Lista de sintomas pós-traumáticos, a Escala de estratégias de enfrentamento para adolescentes e a Escala de resiliência para escolares. 72% da população apresentou afetações psicológicas: 64.4%, condutas internalizadas, 47%, condutas externalizadas. 32%, problemas somáticos; 56%, se encontrava em risco de estresse pós-traumático, e 93% consumia álcool de forma moderada. A estratégia de enfretamento mais utilizada era deixar que as coisas se resolvessem sozinhas. Foi encontrada uma alta necessidade de atenção em saúde. Ser homem constituiu um fator de risco de depressão, agressão e problemas sociais. Ao mesmo tempo que ter até doze anos e estar cursando uma série escolar baixa, foi para os sintomas somáticos em adolescentes. Os resultados evidenciaram a afetação da saúde mental dos participantes.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Niño , Adolescente , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil , Adolescente , Conflictos Armados/psicologíaRESUMEN
La enfermedad, durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2013. Mediante un estado del arte se analizaron 1466 documentos referidos a artículos publicados, tesis doctorales, de maestría., de especialidades médicas y documentos estatales generados por programas de formación posgradual, grupos de investigación, centros de investigación, e instituciones de salud. Se aplicó una ficha de 140 ítems validada para este fin en la que se registraban los aspectos formales ,relacionados con la descripción del documento ,metodología, resultados, discusión y recomendaciones. Se utilizaron técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas para el análisis de resultados. Los análisis cuantitativos realizados con estadística descriptiva e inferencial, evidencian que el campo en que más se ha investigado es el de la salud (41%) y el que menos se ha abordado es el de calidad de vida (.2%). El enfoque de investigación más utilizado ha sido cuantitativo(54.3%)y el tipo de investigación descriptivo(53.2%).Los productos de investigación se han publicado en su mayoría en revistas colombianas del área de medicina(98.7%). Soloun1% se ha hecho en revistas de lengua inglesa. Se encuentra una gran diversidad en temas de investigación y muy poca coherencia con las líneas de investigación propuestas por la agenda de la Secretaria de Salud de Bogotá.
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Humanos , Calidad de Vida , Salud , Instituciones de Salud , Investigación , Enfermedad , Equipos y Suministros , Estudios de Evaluación como AsuntoRESUMEN
Se evaluó la influencia sobre las prácticas de liderazgo, de la calidad de vida percibida del líder, de sus hábitos de salud y de las características socioeconómicas. Todas estas dimensiones de la calidad de vida están incluidas dentro del modelo de calidad de vida como estrategia de intervención (Juárez, 2000, 2010). A 60 participantes, con personal a su cargo, se les aplicó el Inventario de Prácticas de Liderazgo (versión de Robles, de la Garza, & Medina, 2008), el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida (WHO, 1998, 2004) y el de Indicadores de Salud (Jiménez, Martínez, Miró, & Sánchez, 2008). Los participantes se agruparon según sus características socioeconómicas. El aumento en la calidad de vida general y la salud psicológica de la calidad de vida, incrementaron las prácticas del liderazgo transformacional de Modelar, Inspirar Desafiar y Habilitar y la del liderazgo transaccional de Alentar. El aumento en la percepción de salud del cuestionario de Indicadores de Salud incrementó las prácticas del liderazgo transformacional de Modelar, mientras que el aumento en la conducta asociada al consumo de bebidas alcohólicas redujo la práctica de liderazgo de Desafiar. Ninguna otra variable resultó significativa. Se discuten diferentes explicaciones teóricas.
The influence of the leader's perceived quality of life, of his/her health habits and socioeconomic characteristics on his/her leadership practices was assessed. All of these dimensions are included in the framework of the quality of life model as an intervention strategy (Juárez, 2000, 2010). The Leadership Practices Inventory (version by Robles, de la Garza, & Medina, 2008), the Quality of Life Questionnaire -WHO (1998, 2004) and the Health Indicators Questionnaire (Jiménez, Martínez, Miró, & Sánchez, 2008) were administered to 60 participants in charge of personnel. Participants were grouped according to their socioeconomic characteristics. The increase in the overall quality of life and perceived health of the quality of life both augmented the transformational leadership practices of Modeling, Inspiring, Defying and Enabling and the transactional leadership practice of Encouraging. An increase in the perceived health of the Health Indicators Questionnaire augmented the transformational leadership practice of Modeling, while the increase in the behavior associated to alcoholic drinks intake reduced the leadership practice of Defying. No other variable was significant. Different theoretical explanations are discussed.
Foi avaliada a influência sobre as práticas de liderança da qualidade de vida percebida do líder, de seus hábitos de saúde e das características socioeconômicas. Todas estas dimensões da qualidade de vida estão incluídas dentro do modelo de qualidade de vida como estratégia de intervenção (Juárez, 2000, 2010). A 60 participantes, com pessoal sob sua responsabilidade foi aplicado o Inventário de Práticas de Liderança (versão de Robles, de la Garza, & Medina, 2008), o questionário de Qualidade de Vida (WHO, 1998, 2004) e o de Indicadores de Saúde (Jiménez, Martínez, Miró, & Sánchez, 2008). Os participantes foram agrupados de acordo com suas características socioeconômicas. O aumento na qualidade de vida geral e a saúde psicológica da qualidade de vida, aumentaram as práticas da liderança transformacional de Modelar, Inspirar Desafiar e Habilitar e a da liderança transacional de Encorajar. O aumento na percepção de saúde do questionário de Indicadores de Saúde aumentou as práticas da liderança transformacional de Modelar, enquanto que o aumento na conduta associada ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas reduziu a prática de liderança de Desafiar. Nenhuma outra variável foi significativa. Discutem-se diferentes explicações teóricas.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Calidad de Vida , Salud , LiderazgoRESUMEN
Se estudió la relación entre aspectos socioeconómicos, desplazamiento, eventos traumáticos, salud, trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT) y coocurrencia, en 93 personas pobres. Se aplicó la Escala de Trauma Davidson (DTS) y el Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg (GHQ-28); 50,5 por ciento de los participantes tuvieron TEPT y 74,2 por ciento tuvo problemas de salud. Existió coocurrencia entre el TEPT y los problemas de salud, siendo la asociación elevada para la ansiedad (GHQ-28) y la hiperreactivación (DTS). En la existencia de problemas de salud, influyó la puntuación en el DTS. En la existencia de TEPT influyó la puntuación en el GHQ-28, el departamento emisor y el tipo de desplazamiento. La puntuación en la DTS y el departamento emisor influyeron en la existencia de coocurrencia.
Foi estudada a relação entre aspectos socioeconômicos, deslocamento, eventos traumáticos, saúde, transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) e co-ocorrência em 93 pessoas de baixa renda. Foi aplicada a Escala de Trauma Davidson (DTS) e o Questionário de Saúde Geral de Goldberg (GHQ-28). 50,5 por cento dos participantes foram descritos com TEPT e 74,2 por cento apresentaram problemas de saúde. Existiu co-ocorrência entre o TEPT e os problemas de saúde, sendo a associação elevada para a ansiedade (GHQ-28) e a hiperreatividade (DTS). Na existência de problemas de saúde houve influemcia da pontuação do DTS. Na existência de TEPT houve influencia da pontuação no GHQ-28, o estado de origem e o tipo de deslocamento. A pontuação na DTS e o departamento de origem influenciaram na existência da co-ocorrência.
The relationship between social and economic aspects of displacement, traumatic events, health, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-occurrence was studied in a sample of 93 poor and displaced people. The Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), and Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were applied. Of all the participants, 50.5 percent had PTSD and 74.2 percent had health problems. Co-occurrence was observed between PTSD symptoms and health problems, with a strong relation between anxiety (GHQ-28) and hyper-reactivation (DTS). Scores on the DTS were related to the existence of health problems; the scores on the GHQ-28, the issuing department and the type of displacement, all of these were related to PTSD. Scores on the DTS and the issuing department influenced the existence of co-occurrence.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Salud Mental , Factores Socioeconómicos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático , Pobreza , RefugiadosRESUMEN
Se estudió la relación entre aspectos socioeconómicos, desplazamiento, eventos traumáticos, salud, trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT) y coocurrencia, en 93 personas pobres. Se aplicó la Escala de Trauma Davidson (DTS) y el Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg (GHQ-28); 50,5 por ciento de los participantes tuvieron TEPT y 74,2 por ciento tuvo problemas de salud. Existió coocurrencia entre el TEPT y los problemas de salud, siendo la asociación elevada para la ansiedad (GHQ-28) y la hiperreactivación (DTS). En la existencia de problemas de salud, influyó la puntuación en el DTS. En la existencia de TEPT influyó la puntuación en el GHQ-28, el departamento emisor y el tipo de desplazamiento. La puntuación en la DTS y el departamento emisor influyeron en la existencia de coocurrencia.(AU)
Foi estudada a relação entre aspectos socioeconômicos, deslocamento, eventos traumáticos, saúde, transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) e co-ocorrência em 93 pessoas de baixa renda. Foi aplicada a Escala de Trauma Davidson (DTS) e o Questionário de Saúde Geral de Goldberg (GHQ-28). 50,5 por cento dos participantes foram descritos com TEPT e 74,2 por cento apresentaram problemas de saúde. Existiu co-ocorrência entre o TEPT e os problemas de saúde, sendo a associação elevada para a ansiedade (GHQ-28) e a hiperreatividade (DTS). Na existência de problemas de saúde houve influemcia da pontuação do DTS. Na existência de TEPT houve influencia da pontuação no GHQ-28, o estado de origem e o tipo de deslocamento. A pontuação na DTS e o departamento de origem influenciaram na existência da co-ocorrência.(AU)
The relationship between social and economic aspects of displacement, traumatic events, health, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-occurrence was studied in a sample of 93 poor and displaced people. The Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), and Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were applied. Of all the participants, 50.5 percent had PTSD and 74.2 percent had health problems. Co-occurrence was observed between PTSD symptoms and health problems, with a strong relation between anxiety (GHQ-28) and hyper-reactivation (DTS). Scores on the DTS were related to the existence of health problems; the scores on the GHQ-28, the issuing department and the type of displacement, all of these were related to PTSD. Scores on the DTS and the issuing department influenced the existence of co-occurrence.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático , Salud Mental , Factores Socioeconómicos , Refugiados , PobrezaRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to strengthen theprevalence of mental disorders and psycho-socialtensors in outpatients in psychology at SaintBonaventure University, Medellin - Colombia. In thestudy, 106 users took part in it (35.8% men and64% women) with an average age of 26.8 years,who were given the neuropsychiatric internationalinterview (Scheehan and Lecrubier, 1998) and theassessment format of the Axis IV of the DSM-IV-TR(APA, 2002). The disorders of major prevalencewere risk of suicide (28.30%), past majordepression (26.41%) and current major depression(20.75%), depression with melancholy (15.10%),disorders due to the use of non-alcoholic substances(15.09%) , anguish disorder (14.15%) ,generalized anxiety (13.20%), past hypomania(12.26%), social phobia (10.37%), and abuse anddependence of alcohol (10.37%). The relatedpsycho-social tensors were the issues referring to theprimary group (47.8%), the social ambiance(39.1%) and teaching-related problems (13%).
El objetivo del estudio fue establecer la prevalencia de los trastornos mentales y los estresores psicosociales asociados en usuarios de consulta externa de psicología de la Universidad de SanBuenaventura, Medellín - Colombia. Participaron 106 usuarios (35.8% hombres y 64% mujeres), con una edad media de 26.8 años, a los cuales se lesaplicó la entrevista internacional neuropsiquiátrica (Scheehan y Lecrubier, 1998) y el formato deevaluación del Eje IV del DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2002). Los trastornos de mayor prevalencia fueron riesgo de suicidio (28.30%), depresión mayor pasadaPrevalence of Mental Disorders and Psycho-social Tensors in Outpatients in Psychology at Saint Bonaventure University, Medellin Colombia(26.41%), depresión mayor actual (20.75%), depresión con melancolía (15.10%), trastornos por uso de sustancias no alcohólicas (15.09%),trastorno por angustia (14.15%), ansiedad generalizada (13.20%), hipomanía pasada (12.26%), fobia social (10.37%), y abuso y dependencia al alcohol (10.37%). Los estresores psicosociales asociados fueron los problemas relativos al grupo primario (47.8%), al ambiente social (39.1%), y problemas relacionados con la enseñanza (13%).
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Trastornos de Adaptación/psicologíaRESUMEN
En Colombia, son escasos los estudios sobre la asociación de los factores psicosociales y medioambientales con trastornos mentales de mayor prevalencia; tales estudios son necesarios debido al contexto de violencia, inseguridad social e inestabilidad laboral y económica del país. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores de riesgo psicosociales y ambientales de los trastornos mentales, en los usuarios de servicios de psicología de Colombia. Para ello, se aplicaron el Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview y un cuestionario de evaluación del Eje IV del DSM-IV-TR, a 490 participantes. Se utilizaron análisis descriptivos y de factores de riesgo. Como factor de riesgo para la depresión, se identificaron los problemas de vivienda, acceso a los servicios de asistencia sanitaria, los relativos al grupo primario, los económicos, del ambiente social y los problemas laborales. Para la ansiedad generalizada se identificaron los problemas económicos y los relativos a la enseñanza. Para los trastornos de pánico, fueron relevantes los problemas relacionados con el ambiente social, y para la fobia social, los problemas de enseñanza, los laborales y el ambiente social.
In Colombia, there are few studies on the association of psychosocial and environmental factors with the most prevalent mental disorders; such studies are important due to the context of violence, social insecurity, and job and economic instability in the country. The objective of this study was to identify the psychosocial and environmental risk factors for mental disorders, in users of psychologicalservices in Colombia. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and a Questionnaire to evaluate the Axis-IV of the DSM-IV-TR were applied to 490 participants.The analysis comprised descriptive statistics and risk factors. As riskfactors for depression, there were identified housing problems, access to health care services, problems related to the primary group, economics, problems of the social environment, and labor. For generalized anxiety, there were identified economic and education issues. For panic disorders, the risk factors were related to social environment, and for social phobia, the risk factors were problems in education,work and social environment.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Factores de Riesgo , Trastornos Mentales/psicologíaRESUMEN
It is well known that exposure to chromium (Cr) can lead to nephrotoxicity. Quercetin is a flavonoid of interest because of its proposed health-promoting effects. The aim of this work was to elucidate the role of quercetin against the nephrotoxicity caused by Cr in rats. Quercetin may have positive effects in combating, or helping to prevent, nephrotoxicity. It was observed that a single dose of potassium dichromate resulted in both an increase of systemic peroxidation of lipids and a decrease of the renal clearance of para-aminohippuric acid and inulin. Our results show that treatment with quercetin protected and prevented against these damaging effects.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Dicromato de Potasio/toxicidad , Quercetina/farmacología , Animales , Inulina/metabolismo , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Ácido p-Aminohipúrico/metabolismoRESUMEN
Relationship between cirrhosis and renal dysfunction is not yet fully understood. A model of cirrhosis with acute hepatic and renal damage (RF), produced by CCl4 in rats, with hemodynamic and renal functional alterations, similar to those observed in decompensated cirrhosis (DC) in man, was used to study chemical nephrotoxicity in animals. We performed in male Wistar rats hepatic and renal functional and hemodynamic studies in control, cirrhotic and decompensated cirrhotic (DC) groups. Cirrhosis was induced with carbon tetrachloride by chronic administration. Association between liver and renal functional alterations was detected in rats with decompensated cirrhosis, showing fall in mean arterial pressure and reduction of glomerular filtration rate and filtration fraction. Renal hemodynamics did not change in cirrhotic rats, similarly to what occurs in compensated cirrhotic patients. However, DC rats exhibited increased sodium, glucose and phosphate urinary excretions and decreased ATP in renal cortex. DC animals had severe hypoglycemia. There was an extensive liver fibrosis. Glomeruli had hypercellularity and tubules showed extensive vacuolization in cirrhotic and DC rats. The present study suggests that in this model, damage typical of acute tubular necrosis ensues in cirrhotic rats. We describe functional and morphological damage in liver and kidney in a model of cirrhosis that might predispose to the development of acute renal failure when an individual with hepatic damage is exposed in acute way to chemical toxicants.
Asunto(s)
Lesión Renal Aguda/fisiopatología , Tetracloruro de Carbono/toxicidad , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Cirrosis Hepática Experimental/fisiopatología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Lesión Renal Aguda/etiología , Adenosina Trifosfato/análisis , Animales , Intoxicación por Tetracloruro de Carbono/fisiopatología , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular , Humanos , Riñón/irrigación sanguínea , Riñón/patología , Riñón/fisiopatología , Necrosis Tubular Aguda/etiología , Necrosis Tubular Aguda/fisiopatología , Túbulos Renales/patología , Túbulos Renales/fisiopatología , Hígado/irrigación sanguínea , Hígado/patología , Hígado/fisiopatología , Cirrosis Hepática Experimental/complicaciones , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Circulación RenalRESUMEN
The decline in prevalence and incidence of dental caries in developed countries over the last two decades is considered to be due mainly to the widespread use of fluoride in different forms, but simultaneously with decline in caries, an increase in dental fluorosis has been reported. The aim of this study was to compare the Conventional Sealant Technique (CST) and Enameloplasty Sealant Technique (EST) using a flowable resin as sealant in molars affected by dental fluorosis. A total of 40 extracted third molars affected by dental fluorosis were divided at random into two groups of 20 teeth each, and Tetric Flow resin was used as sealant. All teeth were studied for lateral adaptation and resin penetration by direct and indirect techniques; all samples were replicated in epoxy resin and were evaluated with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated that EST allowed a deeper sealant penetration and a superior sealant adaptation than CST, both in direct and indirect evaluations by SEM. The most important variables being penetration-interface and penetration depth both being statistically significant (p<0.05). The CST did not flow into the bottom of the fissures, leaving spaces that can favor the fracture of the material and initiate the process of dental caries. We conclude that a flowable ceromer is an excellent material alternative to be used as sealant and that EST is quite necessary in molars affected by dental fluorosis, the combination of both being a reliable method to be used as primary prevention approach of dental caries in endemic areas of dental fluorosis.
Asunto(s)
Fluorosis Dental/terapia , Selladores de Fosas y Fisuras/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Cementos de Resina/uso terapéutico , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
A través de autorregistros, se determinaron las diferentes secuencias diarias de comportamiento violento, durante 28 días, en un grupo de 25 participantes que mantenían interacciones frecuentes entre ellos. Mediante análisis de cluster de las secuencias acumuladas de conductas violentas, se dividió a los participantes en 3 grupos de sujetos homogéneos en dichas secuencias y se determinaron las secuencias representativas para cada grupo, las cuales presentaban una gradación de menor a mayor número de conductas violentas. A continuación, se estimó la tendencia de representación de sus secuencias representativas, observándose el mejor ajuste en los tres grupos a un modelo polinómico cúbico, y se obtuvieron las correlaciones cruzadas entre dichas secuencias, eliminando la tendencia, obteniéndose la mayor correlación entre conductas violentas en el mismo día o en intervalos de 3 a 5 días. Finalmente, mediante un análisis discriminante se estimó la influencia de las variables de sinceridad (evaluada con la escala ed sinceridad del EPQ de Eysenck), creencias irracionales (evaluadas mediante el BF de Malouff y Schutte), agresión física, agresión verbal, ira y hostilidad (evaluadas mediante el cuestionario de agresión de Buss & Perry), estado civil y estado de salud, con la pertenencia a un grupo determinado, arrojando un porcentaje de predicción correcta de un 88 por ciento.(AU)