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BACKGROUND: This study examined population genetics of Aedes aegypti in El Salvador and Honduras, two adjacent countries in Central America. Aedes aegypti is associated with yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Each year, thousands of cases of dengue are typically reported in El Salvador and Honduras. METHODS: In El Salvador, collections were obtained from five Departments. In Honduras, samples were obtained from six municipalities in four Departments. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) was sequenced, and consensus sequences were combined with available sequences from El Salvador to determine haplotype number, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, and Tajima's D. A haplotype network was produced to examine the relationship between genotypes. RESULTS: In El Salvador, there were 17 haplotypes, while in Honduras there were 4 haplotypes. In both El Salvador and Honduras, Haplotype 1 is most abundant and widespread. In El Salvador, haplotype H2 was also widespread in 10 of 11 sampled municipalities, but it was not present in Honduras. The capital of El Salvador (San Salvador) and the eastern region of ES had the highest haplotype diversity of regions sampled. CONCLUSIONS: Haplotype 1 and H2 each belong to different phylogenetic lineages of Ae. aegypti. The most geographically widespread haplotype (H1) may have been present the longest and could be a remnant from previous eradication programs. These data may contribute to future control programs for Ae. aegypti in the two countries.

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Objective: The antimicrobial activities of the synergistic combination of carvacrol and polymyxin B against polymyxin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were evaluated. Methods: The methods employed checkerboard assays to investigate synergism, biofilm inhibition assessment and membrane integrity assay. In addition, the study included in vivo evaluation using a mouse infection model. Results: The checkerboard method evaluated 48 combinations, with 23 indicating synergistic action. Among these, carvacrol 10 mg/kg plus polymyxin B 2 mg/kg exhibited in vivo antimicrobial activity in a mouse model of infection, resulting in increased survival and a significant decrease in bacterial load in the blood. Conclusion: Polymyxin in synergy with carvacrol represents a promising alternative to be explored in the development of new antimicrobials.

In this study, we wanted to find a new way to fight a bacteria called Klebsiella pneumoniae, which is not easily killed by medication. We mixed two drugs, carvacrol and polymyxin B, to see if they would work together to fight the bacteria. We found that the mixed treatment helped to kill the bacteria. We also tried this mixed treatment in sick mice, and they got better. Our study shows that this mixed treatment might be a new way to fight bacteria that are hard to kill with regular drugs. Next, we hope to learn more about how it works.

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ABSTRACT Xylem sap-feeding auchenorrhynchans, e.g. sharpshooters and spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cicadellinae and Cercopoidea, respectively), are considered potential vectors of the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which is associated with olive leaf desiccation syndrome, a severe disease affecting olive orchards (Olea europaea L.) in the Mantiqueira mountain range region, southeastern Brazil. We evaluated, through faunal analysis, the composition and predominance of Cicadellinae and Cercopoidea species collected fortnightly over two years with yellow sticky cards in eight olive orchards distributed along an altitudinal gradient in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. A high diversity of Cicadellinae (64 species) and Cercopoidea (10 species) was found in the orchards, with 20 of them considered predominant. Clastoptera sp. 1, Macugonalia cavifrons, and Scopogonalia paula were the most representative among the predominant species. We also found out that the trap position on the olive tree canopy at a height of 0.8 m above ground is more efficient than at 1.6 m for capturing the majority of Cicadellinae and Cercopoidea species associated with olive orchards.

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Abstract Increasing habitat modification and species loss demand consistent efforts to describe and understand biodiversity patterns. The BIOTA/FAPESP Program was created in this context and it has been a successful initiative to promote studies on biodiversity and conservation in Brazil. The BIOTA/Araçá is an interdisciplinary project that provided a detailed evaluation of the biodiversity of Araçá Bay, a coastal seascape located on the North coast of the state of São Paulo, Southeast Brazil. The bay encompasses multiple habitats, such as beaches, mangroves, rocky shores, and a tidal flat, and provides important ecosystem services. Unfortunately, the bay is the subject of complex social-environmental conflicts that oppose economic, social, and environmental demands (i.e., the expansion of neighboring harbor activities vs. small-scale artisanal fisheries and protection of biodiversity). The present study presents a survey of the benthic species occurring in the different habitats of Araçá Bay, including data obtained during the BIOTA/Araçá project and previous assessments of the area. The benthic species play an important role in marine environments and studying the diversity of these organisms that live associated with the bottom is indispensable for comprehending the environment's functioning. The macrofauna, meiofauna, and microorganisms associated with soft and hard bottom were listed, and additional information, such as the habitat and geographical distribution, were provided for each species. The checklist includes 826 species, almost 70% recorded during the BIOTA/Araçá project. The most speciose taxa were the annelids (225 spp.), mollusks (194 spp.), and crustaceans (177 spp.). Seven benthic species are endemic to Araçá Bay, 14 are considered threatened, and seven are economically exploited. Furthermore, the bay is the type locality of many taxa, and 11 new benthic species were described based on specimens sampled during the project. This project shows the importance of Araçá Bay as a unique biologically rich environment and highlights the need for conservation efforts in light of the current threats.

Resumo O aumento da modificação dos habitats e da perda de espécies demanda esforços consistentes para descrever e compreender os padrões de biodiversidade. O programa BIOTA/FAPESP foi criado nesse contexto e é uma iniciativa de sucesso para promover estudos em biodiversidade e conservação no Brasil. O BIOTA/Araçá é um projeto interdisciplinar que promoveu uma avaliação detalhada da biodiversidade da Baía do Araçá, um ecossistema costeiro localizado ao Norte do estado de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil. A baía engloba múltiplos habitats, tais como praias, manguezais, costões rochosos, e uma planície de maré, e também fornece importantes serviços ecossistêmicos. Infelizmente, a baía está sujeita à conflitos sócio-ambientais complexos que contrastam demandas econômicas, sociais e ambientais (i.e. a expansão das atividades do porto vizinho vs. a pesca artesanal de pequena escala e a proteção da biodiversidade). O presente estudo apresenta um levantamento das espécies bentônicas que ocorrem nos diferentes habitats da Baía do Araçá, incluindo dados obtidos durante o projeto BIOTA/Araçá e de investigações realizadas anteriormente na área. As espécies bentônicas desempenham um papel importante no ambiente marinho, e estudar a diversidade desses organismos que vivem associados ao fundo é indispensável para compreender o funcionamento do meio ambiente. A macrofauna, meiofauna, e microorganismos associados aos fundos consolidado e inconsolidado foram listados, e informações adicionais foram fornecidas para cada espécie, tais como a distribuição geográfica e nos habitats. O checklist inclui 826 espécies, quase 70% registradas durante o projeto BIOTA/Araçá. Os taxa mais especiosos foram os anelídeos (225 spp.), moluscos (194 spp.), e crustáceos (177 spp.). Entre as espécies bentônicas listadas, sete são endêmicas da Baía do Araçá, 14 são consideradas ameaçadas de extinção, e sete são exploradas economicamente. A baía é a localidade tipo de vários taxa, e 11 novas espécies bentônicas foram descritas com base em espécimes amostrados durante o projeto. Este projeto mostra a importância da Baía do Araçá como um ambiente de riqueza biológica única e demonstra a necessidade de esforços para a sua conservação considerando as atuais ameaças.

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ABSTRACT The sharpshooter genus Cavichiana Mejdalani et al., 2014 included so far only two species of about 6-8 mm in length: C. bromelicola Mejdalani et al., 2014 (type species) and C. alpina Quintas et al., 2020. Both are bromeliad specialists from southeastern and southern Brazil. Here a third species, C. caelivittata sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on males and females from the Serra dos Órgãos massif in state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. The new bromeliad specialist can be readily distinguished from the previously known species by the dorsum with a pair of broad whitish-blue stripes, each one extending from antennal ledge over lateroposterior area of crown, lateral portion of pronotum, basal portion of clavus, and forming an elongate arc on corium up to outer margin of first apical cell; the aedeagus bears a dorsoapical digitiform lobe directed posterad. A key to the three species, based on the coloration and morphology of the aedeagus, is provided. In addition, the distribution of C. bromelicola is discussed; it is suggested that the trade of bromeliads as ornamental plants is causing the spread of this species to various urban and suburban areas of southeastern Brazil.

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(1) Background: People with ASD commonly present difficulty performing motor skills and a decline in physical activity (PA) level and low enjoyment of PA. We aimed to evaluate whether longitudinal practice of an activity in virtual and real environments improves motor performance and whether this improvement is transferred to a subsequent practice when changing the environment, promoting PA and providing enjoyment; (2) Methods: People with ASD, aged between 10 and 16 years, were included and distributed randomly into two opposite sequences. The participants performed a 10 session protocol, with five sessions practicing in each environment (virtual or real). Heart rate measurement was carried out and an enjoyment scale was applied; (3) Results: 22 participants concluded the protocol. Sequence A (virtual first) presented an improvement in accuracy and precision and transferred this when changing environment; they also had a greater change in heart rate reserve. The majority of participants reported "fun" and "great fun" levels for enjoyment; (4) Conclusions: The virtual reality activity presented a higher level of difficulty, with greater gains in terms of transference to the real environment. Considering PA, our task provided very light to light activity and the majority of participants enjoyed the task.

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Several biological activities of the fungal exopolysaccharide (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-ß-d-glucan (botryosphaeran) have been described in the literature, but its effects on inflammation have not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the action of botryosphaeran on experimental mice models of carrageenan-induced acute pleurisy and acute paw edema, and complete Freund's adjuvant-induced persistent paw edema. All botryosphaeran doses tested (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg birth weight [b.w.], orally administered) reduced leukocyte recruitment, nitric oxide (NO) levels, and protein extravasation in the pleural cavity. Botryosphaeran (5 mg/kg b.w.) did not diminish edema and mechanical hyperalgesia in the paw within 4 h; however, cold allodynia was alleviated within the first 2 h. In the persistent paw inflammation model, the effects of daily oral administration of botryosphaeran (5 mg/kg b.w.) were evaluated over 3 and 7 days. The fungal ß-glucan significantly reduced the levels of the cytokines, tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6), and IL-10, in the paw homogenates in both protocols, while paw edema and the levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) only diminished on Day 7. No effect in mechanical hyperalgesia was observed. Oral treatment for 3 or 7 days also decreased the plasma levels of NO, AOPP, TNF-α, and IL-10. On Day 7, the number of leukocytes in the blood was also reduced by this treatment. Importantly, botryosphaeran did not induce inflammation in mice when administered alone over 7 days. This study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential of botryosphaeran in these experimental models, making this fungal ß-glucan a new possibility for complementary treating acute and chronic inflammation.

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A new species of the diverse Neotropical sharpshooter genus Erythrogonia Melichar, 1926 is described and illustrated from the Mantiqueira mountain range, municipality of Maria da F, state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. The new taxon is associated with olive orchards and has been implicated as a vector of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., 1987, which causes a disease known in Brazil as olive leaf scorch syndrome. Erythrogonia sinvali sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other 90 known species of the genus by the following combination of features: (1) crown black without conspicuous contrasting spots; (2) frons with large yellow median spot; (3) pronotum black with large yellow area covering most of disk; (4) forewing dark red, without contrasting spots or stripes, costal margin narrowly black, apical portion dark brown; (5) aedeagus elongate, curved dorsally, with pair of spiniform apical processes; (6) paraphyses greatly reduced; (7) basal portion of male anal tube with pair of spiniform curved processes; (8) posterior margin of female abdominal sternite VII broadly emarginate and with broad central lobe; (9) female sternite VIII with sclerotized areas, including a transverse bar located at bases of ovipositor valvulae I, followed by a pair of elongate sclerites and a posterior bilobed sclerite. Both males and females of the new species are described in detail. A putative group of five species within Erythrogonia is preliminarily proposed, including the new taxon, E. separata Melichar, 1926, E. dorsalis (Signoret, 1853), E. calva (Taschenberg, 1884), and E. melichari Schmidt, 1928. Among these species, the male terminalia of E. sinvali sp. nov. are more similar to those of E. separata.

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Babassu (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng., Arecaceae) is a palm tree endemic to Brazil and found mainly in the borders of Amazon forest, where the harvesting of its fruits is an important source of income for more than 300,000 people. Among the communities of coconut breakers women, babassu oil is used in culinary, as fuel, and mostly as medicinal oil for the treatment of skin wounds and inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the wound healing effects of babassu oil. In vitro, babassu oil increased the migration of L929 fibroblasts, inhibited the production of nitric oxide by LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages, and increased the levels of INF-γ and IL-6 cytokines production. In vivo, babassu oil accelerated the healing process in a full-thickness splinted wound model, by an increase in the fibroblasts number, blood vessels, and collagen deposition in the wounds. The babassu oil also increased the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the wound site and showed an anti-inflammatory effect in a chronic ear edema model, reducing ear thickness, epidermal hyperplasia, and myeloperoxidase activity. Thus, these data corroborate the use of babassu oil in folk medicine as a remedy to treat skin wounds.

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La comprensión de la frecuencia y el significado de diversos hallazgos médicos en niños sometidos a abuso sexual se modificaron con el tiempo. Antes de 1989, se pensaba que diversas variaciones en la apariencia de los tejidos genitales y anales se debían al abuso. Los estudios que describen en detalle la apariencia de los tejidos anales en niños seleccionados como no sometidos a abuso en 1989 y los hallazgos genitales en niñas no sometidas a abuso en 1990, mostraron que muchas de estas variaciones también se observaron en niños que no habían experimentado abuso. Las más comunes de estas variaciones se incluyeron en una lista de hallazgos anogenitales que también comprendían signos conocidos de lesiones agudas e infecciones de transmisión sexual, así como otros hallazgos físicos y de laboratorio cuya importancia con respecto al abuso se desconocía. Esta lista evolucionó a medida que se publicaban nuevos estudios y se procuraba llegar a un consenso entre los expertos en la evaluación del abuso sexual en niños en cuanto a la forma en que debían interpretarse los hallazgos de los exámenes médicos adicionales. La tabla de "interpretación de los resultados" evolucionó durante los 26 años siguientes, y la más reciente se publicó en 2018. Todavía hay hallazgos, en junio de 2020, respecto de los cuales no hay consenso entre los expertos en cuanto a cómo deben interpretarse en un niño evaluado por presunción de abuso sexual. Deberán revisarse los antecedentes de los cambios en la interpretación de los hallazgos genitales y perianales en niños con presunción de abuso sexual.

The understanding of the frequency and significance of various medical findings in sexually abused children has changed over time. Before 1989, several variations in the appearance of genital and anal tissues were thought to be due to abuse. Studies describing in detail the appearance of anal tissues in children selected for non-abuse in 1989, and genital findings in non-abused girls in 1990, showed that many of these variations were seen non-abused children as well. The most common of these variations were included in a listing of anogenital findings that also included known signs of acute injury and sexually transmitted infections, as well as other physical and laboratory findings for which the significance with respect to abuse was unknown. This listing evolved as new studies were published and efforts were made to reach consensus among experts in child sexual abuse evaluation as to how additional medical examination findings should be interpreted. The "Interpretation of Findings" table evolved over the next 26 years, with the most recent being published in 2018. There are still findings, as of June, 2020, for which no expert consensus exists as to how they should be interpreted in a child who is being evaluated for suspected sexual abuse. The history of the changes in the interpretation of genital and perianal findings in children with suspected sexual abuse will be reviewed.

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This review focusses on counselling to reduce the risks of seizures in epilepsy patients. Risk reduction, whilst maximising the independence of persons with epilepsy, is a core element of epilepsy practice. The importance of the issue is reflected by the inclusion of risk assessment and reduction in the recent International League Against Epilepsy Curriculum for epileptology. This article addresses the key elements of epilepsy risk and provides practical guidance for counselling and risk reduction. A review of key publications was performed focusing on: (1) the risk of injury associated with seizures; (2) safety issues related to seizures and lifestyle; (3) SUDEP risk and avoidance; and (4) assessing individual risks. Risk is common in epilepsy and is multifactorial. Clinicians should be aware of the risk factors associated with different epilepsy features, such as seizure type, as well as those related to lifestyle and common indoor and outdoor activities. In addition, transcultural differences should be considered in risk assessment and counselling, e.g. regarding SUDEP or even driving, for which regulations vary across nations. Assessment of individual risk is evolving through a better understanding of risk factors and methodologies which can improve communication and empower patients to help identify and manage their individual risks.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Historicamente, a cardiopatia congênita traz redução da qualidade de vida da criança portadora da patologia. Com o aprimoramento das formas de correção, estes pacientes apresentam melhor sobrevida, de forma que hoje há mais adultos com cardiopatia congênita. A prática de atividade física vem sendo encorajada nesses pacientes. Relatamos um caso de um paciente portador de cardiopatia congênita cianótica corrigida nos primeiros dias de vida, atualmente praticante de atividade física. Relato de caso: Paciente masculino, 26 anos, com dextro transposição de grandes artérias (DTGA), comunicação interatrial e persistência do canal arterial. Aos 09 dias de vida, submetido a procedimento para correção da cardiopatia, por meio da cirurgia de Jatene (CJ) com manobra de Lecompte. Aos 18 anos manifestou desejo de praticar atividade física, sendo feita avaliação pré-participação. Cintilografia do Miocárdio com ausência de sinais de isquemia; Teste ergométrico (TE) com boa capacidade funcional, Extras sístoles ventriculares isoladas e raras; ecocardiograma transtorácico dentro da normalidade. Atualmente realiza atividade física resistida (musculação 80 min por dia, 6 dias por semana), sem sintomas durante a prática ou o repouso. Em exames atuais observa--se: TE em ritmo atrial multifocal, sem alterações sugestivas de isquemia, com boa capacidade aeróbica (16,2 METs e VO2 56 mL/kg. min); Ressonância miocárdica com câmaras cardíacas de dimensões preservadas, função sistólica biventricular preservada, ausência de áreas de edema, gordura ou fibrose. DISCUSSÃO e CONCLUSÃO: A DTGA corresponde a cerca de 8% de todas as cardiopatias congênitas, com alto índice de letalidade antes do surgimento de correções cirúrgicas, chegando a 90% de mortalidade no primeiro ano de vida. Inicialmente reduzia-se danos da DTGA através de correção atrial. Com o desenvolvimento da CJ (ou switch arterial) houve melhora progressiva do prognóstico e qualidade de vida, principalmente se realizada nos primeiros dias de vida. Devido a isso, muitos pacientes submetidos à CJ praticam exercícios físicos ou atividades competitivas, tornando o acompanhamento um desafio para o cardiologista, visto que não há evidências robustas sobre os impactos de tais atividades a longo prazo. Conclui-se a importância de seguimento com exames periódicos de tais pacientes, com coleta de dados e a necessidade de mais estudos para este cenário.

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Objective: Anxiety and depression are prevalent among medical students. Brazilian medical students have higher levels of depression and lower quality of life than their U.S. counterparts, and no preventive intervention exists for this risk group in Brazil. The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP), a cognitive-behavioral treatment protocol for neuroticism, was recently adapted into a single-session, preventive intervention. This study tested the impact of this protocol on psychiatric symptoms and quality of life in Brazilian medical students. Methods: In this open trial, the intervention protocol was translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Medical students over 18 years of age without psychotic symptoms, severe depressive episodes, or acute psychiatric risk were included, undergoing a psychiatric clinical interview (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview [MINI]) and evaluation at baseline and at 7 and 30 days after a single-session UP that included experimental avoidance, quality of life, self-esteem, empathy, and anxiety symptom scales. A new evaluation was performed 90 days after the intervention. Results: Sixty-two students participated. Ninety days after the intervention, there were significant reductions in the number of students who met the criteria for social anxiety disorder (p = 0.013) or panic disorder (p = 0.001). There were also significant improvements in depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory, p < 0.001) and quality of life (Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, p < 0.001). Conclusion: UP improved anxiety and depressive symptoms in medical students. The single-session group format could reduce costs and facilitate application. Future placebo-controlled studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

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BACKGROUND: Progressive physical frailty and cognitive decline in older adults is associated with increased risk of falls, disability, institutionalization, and mortality; however, there is considerable heterogeneity in progression over time. We identified heterogeneous frailty and cognitive decline trajectory groups and examined the specific contribution of health conditions to these trajectories among older Mexican origin adults. METHODS: We use a sample from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly (HEPESE) with at least two measures of frailty criteria during 18 years follow-up: slow gait, weak handgrip strength, exhaustion, and unexplained weight loss (n = 1362, mean age 72). Cognition was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: Using group-based trajectory models we identified three frailty groups-non-frail (n = 331), moderate progressive (n = 855), and progressive high (n = 149)-and three cognitive decline groups-non-cognitively impaired (476), moderate decline (677) and rapid decline (n = 209). The probability of membership in a high-frailty group given membership in a progressive cognitive decline group was 63%, while the probability of being in a non-frail group given membership in a non-cognitively impaired group was 68%. Predictors of membership into both the progressive high frailty and rapid cognitive decline groups combined were low education and diabetes. Weekly church attendance was associated with a 66% reduction in the odds of being in the combined groups. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to reduce frailty rates and cognitive decline might focus on the management of underlying chronic disease and on increasing participation in activities outside the home.

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OBJECTIVE: Anxiety and depression are prevalent among medical students. Brazilian medical students have higher levels of depression and lower quality of life than their U.S. counterparts, and no preventive intervention exists for this risk group in Brazil. The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP), a cognitive-behavioral treatment protocol for neuroticism, was recently adapted into a single-session, preventive intervention. This study tested the impact of this protocol on psychiatric symptoms and quality of life in Brazilian medical students. METHODS: In this open trial, the intervention protocol was translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Medical students over 18 years of age without psychotic symptoms, severe depressive episodes, or acute psychiatric risk were included, undergoing a psychiatric clinical interview (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview [MINI]) and evaluation at baseline and at 7 and 30 days after a single-session UP that included experimental avoidance, quality of life, self-esteem, empathy, and anxiety symptom scales. A new evaluation was performed 90 days after the intervention. RESULTS: Sixty-two students participated. Ninety days after the intervention, there were significant reductions in the number of students who met the criteria for social anxiety disorder (p = 0.013) or panic disorder (p = 0.001). There were also significant improvements in depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory, p < 0.001) and quality of life (Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: UP improved anxiety and depressive symptoms in medical students. The single-session group format could reduce costs and facilitate application. Future placebo-controlled studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

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ABSTRACT The genus Hanshumba Young, 1977 is recorded from Southeastern and Southern Brazil (Atlantic Forest) and currently includes only three species. Here we describe and illustrate, based mainly on features of the male terminalia, two new species from State of Espírito Santo, Municipality of Santa Teresa: H. setifera sp. nov. and H. teresa sp. nov. The former can be distinguished by the male pygofer and anal tube with large processes bearing numerous setae and the aedeagus with pair of dentiform processes on median portion, whereas the latter has three pairs of longitudinal flanges on the aedeagal shaft. A key to males of the genus is added and its taxonomic status is briefly discussed.

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Current discussion of the importance of food fats in the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) often suffers from preconceptions, misunderstandings, insufficient knowledge, and selective reasoning. As a result, the sustained controversy about dietary fat recommendations can be contradictory and confusing. To clarify some of these issues, the International Expert Movement to Improve Dietary Fat Quality in cooperation with the International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) organized a symposium at the 21st meeting of the IUNS, October 17, 2017, Buenos Aires, Argentina, to summarize the key scientific evidence underlying the controversy on the relationship between the saturated and unsaturated fat consumption and CHD risk. Presenters also discussed, using examples, the rationale for and implications of the partial replacement of foods rich in saturated fats by those rich in unsaturated fats. Presentations included strategies to fit healthier fats into meals. This report summarizes the symposium presentations.

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Due to recent large outbreaks, peanuts have been considered a product of potential risk for Salmonella. Usually, peanut products show a low water activity (aw) and high fat content, which contribute to increasing the thermal resistance and survival of Salmonella. This study evaluated the long-term kinetics of Salmonella survival on different peanut products under storage at 28°C for 420 days. Samples of raw in-shell peanuts (aw = 0.29), roasted peanuts (aw = 0.39), unblanched peanut kernel (aw = 0.54), peanut brittle (aw = 0.30), paçoca (aw = 0.40) and pé-de-moça (aw = 0.68) were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 at two inoculum levels (3 and 6 log cfu/ g). The Salmonella behavior was influenced (p<0.05) by aw, lipid, carbohydrate and protein content. In most cases for both inoculum levels, the greatest reductions were seen after the first two weeks of storage, followed by a slower decline phase. The lowest reductions were verified in paçoca and roasted peanuts, with counts of 1.01 and 0.87 log cfu/ g at low inoculum level and 2.53 and 3.82 log cfu/ g at high inoculum level at the end of the storage time. The highest loss of viability was observed in pé-de-moça, with absence of Salmonella in 10-g after 180 days at low inoculum level. The Weibull model provided a suitable fit to the data (R2≥0.81), with δ value ranging from 0.06 to 49.75 days. Therefore, the results demonstrated that Salmonella survives longer in peanut products, beyond the shelf life (>420 days), especially in products with aw around 0.40.

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Abstract Casearia sylvestris Sw., Salicaceae, is an important medicinal plant widely used in Brazil for the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders. This species was included as of interest by Brazilian Unified Health System. Although preclinical studies described cardiovascular protective effects and apparent absence of toxicity, no studies have evaluated its carcinogenic potential. In this study, we proposed a short-term carcinogenesis evaluation of C. sylvestris in Wistar rats, aiming to check the safety of this species to use it as proposed by Brazilian Unified Health System. C. sylvestris leaves were obtained and the crude extract was prepared by maceration from methanol/water. Wistar rats were orally treated for 12 weeks with 50, 250 or 500 mg kg−1 of crude extract or vehicle. Body weight, daily morbidity and mortality were monitored. Blood and bone marrow samples were collect for micronucleus test, comet assay and tumor markers evaluation. Vital organs were removed to macro and histopathological analyses. The crude extract did not induce mutagenic and genotoxic effects and no alterations were observed in important tumor markers. Finally, no detectable signs of injury through gross pathology or histopathological examinations were observed. Our results certify the absence of the crude extract toxicity, indicating its safety, even at prolonged exposure as proposed by Brazilian Unified Health System.