RESUMEN

Disease outbreaks have been seen as the major threat to sustainable aquaculture worldwide. Injectable vaccines have been one of the few strategies available to control the diseases, however, the adoption of this technology globally is limited. Genetic selection for disease resistance has been proposed as the alternative strategy in livestock and aquaculture. Economic analysis for such strategies is lacking and this study assesses the economic worth of using tilapia fingerlings resistant to Streptococcosis in both cage and pond production systems. The paper also assesses the profitability of paying the higher price for such fingerlings. Partial-budgeting was used to develop a stochastic simulation model that considers the benefits and costs associated with the adoption of tilapia fingerlings resistant to Streptococcosis at the farm level, in one production cycle. In both ponds and cage production systems, the use of genetically selected Streptococcus resistant tilapia fingerlings was found to be profitable where Streptococcus infection is prevalent. In the cages and ponds where Streptococcus related mortality was ≥ 10%, the Nile tilapia aquaculture was found to be profitable even if the amount paid for genetically selected Streptococcus resistant tilapia fingerlings was 100% higher than the amount paid for standard fingerlings.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Plectranthus is a large and widespread genus with a diversity of ethnobotanical uses. In traditional medicine P. mollis has been used against snakebites, respiratory stimulant and vasoconstrictor, cardiac depressant, cure for haemorrahage, treatment of mental retardation and rheumatism. P. mollis is reported to exhibit relaxant activity on smooth and skeletal muscles, and has cytotoxic and anti-tumour promoting activity, and can be used in the treatment of cancer. The aim of the present study was to identify chemical composition of the essential oil of P. mollis and to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of the oil. The essential oil of the flowering aerial parts of P. mollis was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twenty-seven compounds were identified, which comprised 98.6% of the total constituents. The main compound was identified as fenchone (32.3%), followed by alpha-humulene (17.3%), piperitenone oxide (8.5%), cis-piperitone oxide (6.0%) and E-beta-farnesene (5.9%). The oil was found rich in oxygenated monoterpenes type constituents (52.0%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (40.2%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (4.9%), and monoterpene hydrocarbons (1.5%). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of P. mollis was tested against six Gram-positive and eight Gram-negative bacteria, and three fungi, by using the tube dilution method. The oil was active against the tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi at a concentration range of 0.065 +/- 0.008-0.937 +/- 0.139 mg/mL, 0.468 +/- 0.069-3.333 +/- 0.527 mg/mL and 0.117 +/- 0.017-0.338 +/- 0.062 mg/mL, respectively. The present study revealed that the oil constituents somehow were qualitatively similar and quantitatively different than earlier reports from different parts of the world. The essential oil of P. mollis has found to be antimicrobial activity which can be usefulness in the treatment of various infectious diseases caused by bacteria and fungi.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Plectranthus is a large and widespread genus with a diversity of ethnobotanical uses. In traditional medicine P. mollis has been used against snakebites, respiratory stimulant and vasoconstrictor, cardiac depressant, cure for haemorrahage, treatment of mental retardation and rheumatism. P. mollis is reported to exhibit relaxant activity on smooth and skeletal muscles, and has cytotoxic and anti-tumour promoting activity, and can be used in the treatment of cancer. The aim of the present study was to identify chemical composition of the essential oil of P. mollis and to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of the oil. The essential oil of the flowering aerial parts of P. mollis as obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twentyseven compounds were identified, which comprised 98.6% of the total constituents. The main compound was identified as fenchone (32.3%), followed by α-humulene (17.3%), piperitenone oxide (8.5%), cis-piperitone oxide (6.0%) and E-β-farnesene (5.9%). The oil was found rich in oxygenated monoterpenes type constituents (52.0%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (40.2%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (4.9%), and monoterpene hydrocarbons (1.5%). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of P. mollis was tested against six Gram-positive and eight Gram negative bacteria, and three fungi, by using the tube dilution method. The oil was active against the tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi at a concentration range of 0.065±0.008-0.937±0.139mg/mL, 0.468±0.069-3.333±0.527 mg/mL and 0.117±0.0170.338±0.062mg/mL respectively. The present study revealed that the oil constituents somehow were qualitatively similar and quantitatively different than earlier reports from different parts of the world. The essential oil of P. mollis has found to be antimicrobial activity which can be usefulness in the treatment of various infectious diseases caused by bacteria and fungi.

Plectranthus es un género grande y extenso con una diversidad de usos etnobotánicos. En la medicina tradicional P.mollis se ha utilizado contra las mordeduras de serpiente, como estimulante respiratorio y vasoconstrictor, depresor cardiaco, cura para hemorragias, tratamiento del retraso mental y el reumatismo. Se informó que P. mollis presenta actividad relajante sobre los músculos lisos y esqueléticos, y tiene actividad promotora citotóxica y anti - tumoral, además puede ser utilizado en el tratamiento del cáncer. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de P. mollis para evaluar la eficacia antimicrobiana del aceite. El aceite esencial de las partes aéreas de las flores de P. mollis se obtuvo por hidro - destilación y se analizó por cromatografía de gases equipado con un detector de ionización de llama (GC-FID), y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC/MS). Se identificaron veintisiete compuestos, que comprenden el 98.6% de los constituyentes totales. El compuesto principal se identificó como fencona (32.3%), seguido de α-humuleno (17.3%), óxido de piperitenona (8.5 %), óxido de cis piperitona (6.0 %) y E-β-farneseno (5.9%). Se encontró que el aceite es rico en monoterpenos oxigenados de tipo constituyentes (52.0%), seguido de hidrocarburos de sesquiterpeno (40.2%), sesquiterpenos oxigenados (4.9%), e hidrocarburos monoterpenos (1.5 %). La actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de P.mollis se ensayó frente a seis bacterias Gram-negativas y ocho Gram-positivas, y tres hongos, utilizando el método de dilución en tubo. El aceite fue activo contra las bacterias Gram-positivas y Gram-negativas y hongos ensayados, en un intervalo de concentración de 0.065±0.008 a 0.937±0.139mg/ml, 0.468±0.069 a 3.333±0.527mg/ml y 0.117±0.017 a 0.338±0.062mg/ml, respectivamente. El presente estudio reveló que los constituyentes del aceite de alguna manera fueron cualitativamente similares y cuantitativamente diferentes de los informes anteriores de diferentes partes del mundo. Se encontró que la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de P. mollis puede ser de utilidad en el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades infecciosas causadas por bacterias y hongos.

Asunto(s)