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The efficiency of different Bacillus isolates on rhizosphere soil enzyme activities and P-nutrition of soybean was carried out under microcosm conditions. Significant increase in enzyme activities viz., fluorescein diacetate activity, phosphatase and phytase activity and consequent effects on P-nutrition were observed with the inoculation of Bacillus isolates over uninoculated control. Among the isolates, BD-3-1B, KHBD-6, BDKH-3, Bacillus amyloliquefacians, and Bacillus cereus were found to be promising. The phytic acid-P as a percentage of total P content in soybean seeds decreased with the inoculation of Bacillus isolates as compared to un-inoculated control. A decrease in phytic-P in soybean seeds not only results in better digestibility and increased feed efficiency. Pearson correlation studies revealed a significant positive association between acid, alkaline phosphatases, phytase activity on available P content in soil and P content in seeds with the inoculation of Bacillus isolates, indicating role of these enzymes in P mobilization and acquisition by soybean.

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The aim of present study is to investigate the effect of flow aids on the observed in vitro mucoadhesion of two representative polymers; polyoxyethylene and Carbopol((R)) 971P. More recently it has been shown that the addition of small amounts of certain excipients to a mucoadhesive formulation can lead to a substantial decrease in observed mucoadhesion in an in vitro test system, which suggests that formulation of these systems could be crucial in developing successful dosage forms. A series of experiments has been carried out which indicates that the presence of flow aids at high concentrations present in tablets can affect the observed ex-vivo mucoadhesive bond. Magnesium stearate (5%) exerts its negative effect on the mucoadhesion of Carbopol((R)) 971P and polyoxyethylene combination by hindering the hydration of the polymer. Adhesion time of formulation containing 5% magnesium stearate was found 4.7+/-0.34 h and percent hydration of same formulation was 70.12%.Talc and colloidal silicon dioxide (Aerosil), which do not possess the same hydrophobic properties or have available divalent cations were found to be viable alternatives to magnesium stearate.

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The terahertz gap has a frequency ranges from approximately 0.3 THz to approximately 10 THz in the electromagnetic spectrum which is in between microwave and infrared. The terahertz radiations are invisible to naked eye. In comparison with x-ray they are intrinsically safe, non-destructive and non-invasive. Terahertz spectroscopy enables 3D imaging of structures and materials, and the measurement of the unique spectral fingerprints of chemical and physical forms. Terahertz radiations are produced by a dendrimer based high power terahertz source and spectroscopy technologies. It resolves many of the questions left unanswered by complementary techniques, such as optical imaging, Raman and infrared spectra. In the pharmaceutical industries it enables nondestructive, internal, chemical analysis of tablets, capsules, and other dosage forms. Tablet coatings are a major factor in drug bioavailability. Therefore tablet coatings integrity and uniformity are of crucial importance to quality. Terahertz imaging gives an unparalleled certainty about the integrity of tablet coatings and the matrix performance of tablet cores. This article demonstrates the potential of terahertz pulse imaging for the analysis of tablet coating thickness by illustrating the technique on tablets.

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Heparin was modified with adipic dihydrazide and covalently linked to surface-activated silica wafers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used at each stage of derivatization and showed that successful immobilization had taken place. Surfaces were imaged with atomic force microscopy to determine the uniformity of the heparin layer as well as its thickness. In situ ellipsometry was used to estimate layer thickness as well, and to study protein concentration and adsorption time effects on the adsorption and elution kinetics exhibited by human plasma fibrinogen. The adsorbed amount of fibrinogen increased with time and concentration on each type of surface. Under all experimental conditions, fibrinogen adsorbed at a lower rate and to a lower extent on heparinized as compared to unheparinized silica. In addition, buffer elution experiments showed that fibrinogen was less tightly bound to heparinized silica. In order to examine behavior relative to fibrinogen mobility at these interfaces, the sequential adsorption of fibrinogen was recorded. The difference in adsorption rates between the first and second adsorption cycles, evaluated at identical mass density, indicated that post-adsorptive molecular rearrangements had taken place. In general, higher solution concentration and longer adsorption time in the first adsorption step led to more rearrangement, and these history dependent effects were more pronounced on the heparinized silica. These rearrangements are suggested to involve clustering of adsorbed fibrinogen, in this way increasing the amount of unoccupied area at the interface. These rearrangements were presumably facilitated on the heparinized silica by enhanced lateral mobility of fibrinogen at this negatively charged, highly hydrophilic interface.

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Ambient lead levels in air, soil and dust deposits on selected plant species at ten distinctly located sampling stations of Indore city are presented. The maximum lead level in air was recorded at Palasia, where the traffic density was found to be the highest. Out of the plant species studied, the maximum lead was recorded on Dalbergia sissoo leaves. A possible relationship between leaf morphology and dust accumulation tendency is also discussed.

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BACKGROUND: Portal tract eosinophil infiltration and an increase in the blood eosinophil count (EOS) have been shown to be specific markers of liver allograft rejection. The graft eosinophil infiltration is associated with the local release of eosinophil cationic protein. Therefore, serum eosinophil cationic protein concentration (ECP) is a potential marker for acute allograft rejection. We investigated the chronological relationship among and diagnostic value of serial changes in EOS, ECP, and liver function tests (LFTs) following liver transplantation. METHODS: EOS, ECP, serum alpha-glutathione S-transferase concentration, and conventional LFTs were measured in serial samples collected over the first 3 postoperative months following 58 liver transplants. The diagnostic potential of each test, alone or in combination, was reviewed over the entire follow-up period. RESULTS: EOS and ECP increased at a median period of 3.5 and 4 days, respectively, before the diagnosis of acute rejection, and this increase was significantly earlier than the corresponding changes in LFTs (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between the day of the first increase in EOS and alpha-glutathione S-transferase (rs=0.535; P=0.009) and EOS and alanine transaminase (rs=0.629; P=0.004). The optimum combination of tests for the diagnosis of acute rejection was an increase in both EOS and GST with a predictive efficiency of 84%. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in EOS and ECP are early indicators of acute liver allograft rejection and precede evidence of hepatocellular damage. However, an increase in ECP was also frequently associated with infection. Therefore, we recommend the regular monitoring of EOS in conjunction with routine LFTs after liver transplantation as an aid to the early diagnosis of acute rejection.

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