RESUMEN
Underlying etiological factors in the development of obesity-related chronic diseases are long-term imbalances of oxidative and inflammatory stress leading to tissue dysfunction, damage, and ultimately failure. Poor dietary quality contributes significantly to the oxidative and inflammatory status of an individual. Conversely, various dietary approaches, including specific dietary factors can mitigate or prevent the occurrence of these risk-conferring imbalances brought about by modern lifestyle. Plant-derived polyphenolic compounds are well known for their antioxidant properties. Recent evidence indicates these compounds may confer anti-inflammatory and/or inflammatory response stabilizing activities, which would have important implications in health maintenance and disease risk reduction. Commonly consumed fruits, such as grapes, berries, and oranges/orange juice, contain polyphenolic compounds that have been studied for their effects on inflammation, but the nature and extent of their effects in humans remain unclear. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of human clinical trials investigating the acute and chronic (feeding) effect of polyphenols from commonly consumed fruits or their derived products on inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Frutas/química , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Polifenoles/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/química , Esquema de Medicación , Humanos , Polifenoles/administración & dosificación , Polifenoles/químicaRESUMEN
A sustained pro-inflammatory state is a major contributing factor in chronic disease development, progression, and complication, including the most commonly known diseases: cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's, and type 2 diabetes. Fruits, such as berries, contain polyphenol compounds purported to have anti-inflammatory activity in humans. Among the most notable polyphenols in berries are anthocyanins, responsible for their distinctive colors of red, blue, and purple. Berries have been studied widely for their antioxidant properties; however, preclinical data suggest important effects on inflammatory pathways. Correspondingly, the effects of berries, including extracts and purified anthocyanins, have been the subject of a number of human trials. This review aims to evaluate the current state of the human science on berry (products) as a source of dietary polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins, to modulate inflammatory status. Identifying dietary strategies that manage the modern-day inflammatory burden has important implications for chronic disease risk reduction and informing dietary guidelines aimed at achieving and maintaining health.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Frutas/química , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Humanos , Inflamación/inmunología , Extractos Vegetales/químicaRESUMEN
The current study examined the efficacy of graded doses of c9,t11 and t10,c12 CLA isomers on body composition, energy expenditure, hepatic and serum lipid liver biomarkers in hamsters. Animals (n = 105) were randomized to seven treatments (control, 1, 2, 3% of c9,t11; 1, 2, 3% of t10,c12) for 28 days. After 28 days treatment, 1-3% of t10,c12 lowered (p < 0.05) body fat mass compared to the control group. The 1-3% t10,c12 and 3% c9,t11 fed groups showed higher (p < 0.05) lean mass compared to other groups. We observed unfavorable changes in plasma total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol levels in animals fed with 3% t10,c12 CLA isomers. The 2%, 3% t10,c12 groups presented elevated (p < 0.05) ALT levels. The present data suggest that a diet enriched with more than 2% t10, c12 led to liver malfunction and poses unfavorable changes on plasma lipid profiles. The 1% t10,c12 CLA lowered (p < 0.05) body fat mass and increased (p < 0.05) lean body mass. The c9,t11 CLA has less potent actions than t10,c12 CLA. We conclude that the actions of CLA on energy and lipid metabolism are form and dose dependent in the hamster model.
Asunto(s)
Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/farmacología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Tejido Adiposo/efectos de los fármacos , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Animales , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangre , Composición Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Cricetinae , Grasas de la Dieta/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Delgadez , Triglicéridos/sangre , gamma-Glutamiltransferasa/sangreRESUMEN
The usefulness of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as a nutraceutical remains ambiguous. Our objective was, therefore, to investigate the effect of CLA on body composition, blood lipids, and safety biomarkers in overweight, hyperlipidemic men. A double-blinded, 3-phase crossover trial was conducted in overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)), borderline hypercholesterolemic [LDL-cholesterol (C) ≥ 2.5 mmol/L] men aged 18-60 y. During three 8-wk phases, each separated by a 4-wk washout period, 27 participants consumed under supervision in random order 3.5 g/d of safflower oil (control), a 50:50 mixture of trans 10, cis 12 and cis 9, trans 11 (c9, t11) CLA:Clarinol G-80, and c9, t11 isomer:c9, t11 CLA. At baseline and endpoint of each phase, body weight, body fat mass, and lean body mass were measured by DXA. Blood lipid profiles and safety biomarkers, including insulin sensitivity, blood concentrations of adiponectin, and inflammatory (high sensitive-C-reactive protein, TNFα, and IL-6) and oxidative (oxidized-LDL) molecules, were measured. The effect of CLA consumption on fatty acid oxidation was also assessed. Compared with the control treatment, the CLA treatments did not affect changes in body weight, body composition, or blood lipids. In addition, CLA did not affect the ß-oxidation rate of fatty acids or induce significant alterations in the safety markers tested. In conclusion, although no detrimental effects were caused by supplementation, these results do not confirm a role for CLA in either body weight or blood lipid regulation in humans.
Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Hiperlipidemias/dietoterapia , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/administración & dosificación , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , Adiponectina/sangre , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Composición Corporal , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Estudios Cruzados , Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Hiperlipidemias/sangre , Hiperlipidemias/complicaciones , Mediadores de Inflamación/sangre , Resistencia a la Insulina , Interleucina-6/sangre , Lípidos/sangre , Lípidos/química , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sobrepeso/sangre , Sobrepeso/complicaciones , Oxidación-Reducción , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangre , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) represents a group of positional and geometric isomers of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid. The effects of dietary CLA on blood lipids and body composition in humans remain controversial. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether consumption of milk enriched naturally or synthetically with cis 9, trans 11 (c-9, t-11) and trans 10, cis 12 (t-10, c-12) CLA isomers alters blood lipid indices, including concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacyglycerol; indices of liver function including plasma alanine transaminase and total bilirubin; C-reactive protein; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; and body weight and composition in moderately overweight, borderline hyperlipidemic humans. DESIGN: A randomized, 3-phase, crossover, single-blind clinical trial was carried out in moderately overweight, borderline hyperlipidemic individuals who consumed (1) milk naturally enriched in CLA (4.2%) containing c-9, t-11 only providing 1.3 g/d of CLA; (2) milk enriched with a 4.2% synthetic mixture of t-10, c-12 and c-9, t-11 CLA isomers providing 1.3 g/d of CLA; or (3) untreated milk as a control providing 0.2 g/d CLA. Dietary phases were each 8 weeks in duration and were separated by 4-week washout periods. Plasma lipid levels were measured in blood samples collected at the beginning and end of each dietary phase. Magnetic resonance imaging was carried out at the beginning and end of each dietary phase to assess any changes in regional body fat composition. RESULTS: Compared with the control intervention, consumption of the two CLA-enriched milks failed to alter plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or triacyglycerol concentrations; body weight; or fat composition. CLA consumption did not significantly affect plasma alanine transaminase, total bilirubin, C-reactive protein, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations. CONCLUSION: Results from this study fail to support the role of milk enriched naturally with CLA containing c-9, t-11 or synthetically with c-9, t-11 and t-10, c-12 CLA isomers in modulation of lipid profiles or body composition in moderately overweight, borderline hyperlipidemic individuals.
Asunto(s)
Composición Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Alimentos Fortificados , Hiperlipidemias/sangre , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/farmacología , Lípidos/sangre , Sobrepeso/sangre , Adulto , Animales , Estudios Cruzados , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperlipidemias/tratamiento farmacológico , Isomerismo , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Leche , Sobrepeso/tratamiento farmacológico , Método Simple CiegoRESUMEN
The effectiveness of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as a weight-loss nutraceutical continues to be debatable, suggesting that there may be value in exploring the physiological effects of the lesser-known isomers. The effects of the minor isomer, trans-8, cis-10 (t8, c10)-CLA, in the form of an equimolar mixture with the cis-9, trans-11 (c9, t11) isomer, on body weight and body composition, circulating glucose and lipid concentrations, and liver weights were studied in sixty male Syrian golden hamsters. Animals were randomised to receive for 28 d a semi-purified, hypercholesterolaemic diet (5% dietary fat and 0.25% cholesterol) supplemented at the 2% level with either the t8, c10+c9, t11-CLA mixture, c9, t11-CLA or trans-10, cis-12 (t10, c12)-CLA replacing lard and safflower-seed oil (control). Results show that compared with control, the t8, c10+c9, t11-CLA mixture and t10, c12-CLA-fed animals had lower (P < 0.0001) fat mass following supplementation. Animals consuming t10, c12-CLA also possessed higher lean mass compared with control and c9, t11-CLA groups (P < 0.001). However, the livers of these animals were larger (P < 0.0001) compared with those in the control and other CLA groups. Body weights of the hamsters did not differ across the experimental groups. CLA treatments had no effect on serum glucose or lipid profile, except for inducing higher (P < 0.05) non-HDL-cholesterol concentration with t10, c12-CLA compared with the c9, t11 isomer. Overall, these results indicate that in male hamsters fed a hypercholesterolaemic diet, the t8, c10+c9, t11-CLA mixture does not have an impact on blood lipid profile, but is able to effectively reduce fat mass, without incurring an accompanying liver enlargement.
Asunto(s)
Composición Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Hipercolesterolemia/metabolismo , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/farmacología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Cricetinae , Dieta , Grasas de la Dieta , Ingestión de Alimentos , Heces/química , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/metabolismo , Hígado/anatomía & histología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/enzimología , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Tamaño de los Órganos , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
Evidence suggests that minor isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), such as trans8, cis10 CLA, can elicit unique biological effects of their own. In order to determine the effect of a mixture of t8, c10+c9, t11 CLA isomers on selected aspects of lipid metabolism, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated for 8 days in the presence of 100 microM linoleic acid (LA); t8, c10+c9, t11 CLA; t10, c12+c9, t11 CLA or purified c9, t11 CLA. Whereas supplementation with c9, t11 and t10, c12+c9, t11 CLA resulted in cellular triglyceride (TG) concentrations of 3.4 +/- 0.26 and 1.3 +/- 0.11 microg TG/microg protein, respectively (P < 0.05), TG accumulation following treatment with CLA mixture t8, c10+c9, t11 was significantly intermediate (2.5 +/- 0.22 microg TG/microg protein, P < 0.05) between the two other CLA treatments. However, these effects were not attributable to an alteration of the Delta(9) desaturation index. Adiponectin content of adipocytes treated with t8, c10+c9, t11 mixture was similar to the individual isomer c9, t11 CLA, and both the t8, c10+c9, t11 and c9, t11 CLA groups were greater (P < 0.05) than in the t10, c12+c9, t11 CLA group. Overall, these results suggest that t8, c10+c9, t11 CLA mixture affects TG accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells differently from the c9, t11 and t10, c12 isomers. Furthermore, the reductions in TG accumulation occur without adversely affecting the adiponectin content of these cells.