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The objective of this scoping review is to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness training in improving functioning in adolescents (aged 12-19 years) diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Previous research has demonstrated that psychological interventions improve functioning in a myriad of domains for individuals diagnosed with ADHD, such as attention training, interpersonal relationships, and social skills. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) are indicated as an intervention in attention training. It maybe argued that group based MBI programmes should begin early, for children and adolescents at a time that is critical in their development. Methods and reporting are in line with the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, the protocol is preregistered in the (Open Science Framework register). The study outcomes included attention, impulsivity, and relationships of adolescents with ADHD. Findings demonstrated preliminary evidence for the use of group-based mindfulness interventions with adolescents continues to be nascent. Although studies reported positive results, the evidence of its effectiveness for adolescents with ADHD is inconclusive, due to limited studies available and the limitations of the study design. This scoping review provides a panorama of MBI for ADHD adolescents.

This review explores group mindfulness-based programmes for adolescents with attention deficit hyperactive disorders. It provides a useful summary for clinicians.

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Se presenta un caso clínico de quiste óseo traumá- tico simple de un paciente de sexo masculino de 16 años de edad, derivado para la exodoncia de pieza dentaria 4.8 retenida. En la radiografía panorámica se produjo un hallazgo de una imagen radiolúcida oval unilocular definida, de tamaño aproximado de 2cm x 4cm en el cuerpo mandi- bular del lado izquierdo interradicular, ubicada apical- mente en relación a las piezas dentarias en la 3.3 y 3.4. Se solicitó una tomografía computada de haz cónico para complemento del diagnóstico y, posteriormen- te, se realizó la toma de biopsia para ser analizada al servicio de anatomopatología. Se realizó un seguimiento clínico-radiográfico y a los 5 meses se observó una evolución favorable de la zona de la lesión (AU)

A clinical case of a simple traumatic bone cyst is presented in a 16-year-old male patient, referred for extraction of retained tooth 4.8. The panoramic radiograph revealed a defined unilocular oval radiolucent image, approximately 2cm x 4cm in size in the mandibular body of the interradicular left side, located apically in relation to the teeth in 3.3 and 3.4. A cone beam computed tomography was requested to complement the diagnosis and a biopsy was subsequently taken to be analyzed by the pathology service. A clinical-radiographic follow-up was carried out and at 5 months a favorable evolution of the lesion area could be observed (AU)

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Se presenta un caso clínico de quiste dentígero, asociado a un tercer molar inferior izquierdo retenido, que concurre a la Cátedra de Diagnóstico por Imáge- nes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. El paciente, de 53 años de edad, es de sexo femenino. Se utiliza la tomografía de haz cónico para diagnosticar presuntivamente dicha patolo- gía. Posteriormente, se realiza biopsia para obtener una muestra y ser enviada para realizar los estudios anatomopatológicos, que corroboran el presuntivo diagnóstico. Basado en lo expuesto, se analiza al quis- te dentígero según ubicación, sexo, edad y maxilar; habiendo realizado una revisión de la literatura (AU)

A clinical case of a dentigerous cyst associated with a retained lower left third molar is presented. The 53-year-old patient is female. Cone beam tomography is used to presumptively diagnose said pathology. Subsequently, a biopsy is performed to obtain a sample and be sent to perform pathological studies that corroborate the presumptive diagnosis. Based on the above, the dentigerous cyst is analyzed according to location, sex, age and maxilla; having carried out a review of the literature (AU)

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Vaccine hesitancy, defined as the refusal or delay of acceptance of vaccines, is a threat to the elimination and/or eradication of vaccine-preventable diseases, and therefore has significant implications for global health. Negative and conflicting vaccination information on social media can lead to vaccine hesitancy, including among parents who need to decide whether to have their children vaccinated. This article discusses the dissemination and content of vaccination information on social media, and explores the effects this can have on vaccine hesitancy and uptake. It also outlines various strategies that nurses can use to address vaccine hesitancy and misinformation on social media.

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We investigated the category bias in spatial memory, which reveals the influence of a region (i.e., a spatial category) on memory for specific locations within the region's bounds. The standard approach to investigating the category bias employs a static dot-in-circle task, in which observers indicate the location of a single dot from memory after a brief interval. The agreement in the literature is that these location estimates result from Bayesian principles; however, the priors in the dot-in-circle task are geometric prototypes (the central angular value of each quadrant and two-thirds of the radius from the center of the circle to its circumference). These geometric prototypes are not "true" priors in that they are not pre-existing statistical likelihoods of a target's location before other evidence is considered. In this paper, we tested the category bias with items for which informative priors exist (e.g., a vase, which is expected to be in the center of a table) and found that people favor them over geometric prototypes for estimating angular but not radial target positions. Our work contributes to the literature by showing that localizing common everyday objects in a circular space is not restricted to the use of cues intrinsic to the space. This is important because the majority of the empirical data on the category bias derives from locating targets that have little to no semantic information.

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Psychodynamic therapy is an effective treatment for depression. However, a large number of adolescent patients with depression do not respond and/or drop out of therapy and little is known about what therapists actually do in therapy with adolescents. Thus, more research is needed to explore the various actions that therapists do in therapy, so that therapists can tailor their therapy more specifically to each individual adolescent. The present study aimed to investigate how the experience of psychotherapists differs between two treatment modes for adolescents with depression: psychodynamic psychotherapy with and without transference interventions. In-depth interviews were conducted with six therapists. The data, which were analyzed using thematic analysis, generated three key themes: (1) The therapists experienced that transference interventions are often useful in therapies with adolescents with depression, (2) therapies without transference interventions can be challenging for therapists, but still helpful for patients, and (3) the experience contributed to the deepening recognition of therapists that they always need to adapt their techniques to the particular patient. The results enhance our knowledge of the significance of therapists' actions in therapy with adolescents. The therapists highlighted issues that are important for identifying barriers to incorporating new knowledge into clinical practice.

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Altered microglia function contributes to loss of CNS homeostasis during aging in the brain. Few studies have evaluated age-related alterations in spinal cord microglia. We previously demonstrated that lumbar spinal cord microglial expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was equivalent between aging, neurologically normal dogs and dogs with canine degenerative myelopathy (Toedebusch et al. 2018, Mol Cell Neurosci. 88, 148-157). This unexpected finding suggested that microglia in aging spinal cord have a pro-inflammatory polarization. In this study, we reexamined our microglial results (Toedebusch et al. 2018, Mol Cell Neurosci. 88, 148-157) within the context of aging rather than disease by comparing microglia in aging versus young adult dogs. For both aging and young adult dogs, the density of microglia was significantly higher closest to the motor neuron cell body. However, there was no difference in densities between aging versus young adult dogs at all distances except for the furthest distance analyzed. The number of motor neurons with polarized microglia was higher in aging dogs; yet, the density per motor neuron of arginase-1-expressing microglia was reduced in aging dogs compared with young adult dogs. Finally, aging dogs had increased steady-state mRNA levels for genes consistent with activated microglia compared with young adult dogs. However, altered mRNA levels were limited to the lumbar spinal cord. These data suggested that aging dog spinal cord microglia exhibit regional immunophenotypic differences, which may render lumbar motor neurons more susceptible to age-related pathological insults.

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Purpose: To explore the views of paediatric occupational therapists and physical therapists in Canada and the USA related to (1) the rationale for the age at which power mobility is considered for children and (2) the cognitive skills considered when trialling power mobility.Materials and methods: This study was part of a larger web-based survey study and analyzed responses to two open-ended survey questions: one related to age and one related to cognitive skills. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method.Results: Analysis revealed four unique themes in the question related to age: (1) 'Power Mobility Should be Introduced at a Specific Age or Stage'; (2) 'Child Requirements'; (3) 'Developmental Impact of All Forms of Independent Mobility'; and (4) 'Benefits of Power Mobility'. In the question concerning cognitive skills, two unique themes were identified: 'Cognitive Skill Requirements?' and 'Non-Cognitive Requirements'. Two additional themes were identified in both questions: ('Non-child Requirements' and 'Power Mobility Trials, Use, and Options Are Dependent on Age and Goal').Conclusions: Data indicate wide variability in respondents' views related to the provision of power mobility. Additional research is needed to explore both therapists' reasoning regarding power mobility use for children and how to best facilitate knowledge translation in this area.Implications for RehabilitationWide variability exists related to the provision of power mobility for children.Children's age or stage in life influences therapists' consideration of power mobility.Many respondents considered cognitive skills when trialling power mobility but some did not.

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AIM: To explore the views and practices of paediatric occupational therapists and physical therapists in Canada and the USA regarding the implementation of power mobility for children with mobility limitations. METHOD: This descriptive study utilized a web-based survey that included questions pertaining to therapists' decisions to trial and use power mobility, agreement or disagreement with statements developed from published practice considerations regarding power mobility, and the frequency of performing tasks related to power mobility prescription and training. RESULTS: Most respondents reported that child characteristics (e.g. cognition, safety awareness) were important factors in decision-making about power mobility, whereas other child characteristics (e.g. communication abilities, age) were not as important. Family resources and home accessibility were also not considered important. The average age at which respondents considered power mobility for children was 2 years 3 months. The majority of respondents agreed with statements developed from published practice considerations and most frequently performed various power mobility tasks twice a year or less. INTERPRETATION: Although most respondents appeared to have positive views regarding power mobility, few appeared to actively perform power mobility tasks in their practice. Resources to support therapists in the early introduction of power mobility may be beneficial. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Occupational and physical therapists positively view early introduction of power mobility for children with mobility limitations. Few therapists actively provide early power mobility experiences. Power mobility training and monitoring power mobility devices are important therapist roles.

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The distance between nodes of Ranvier, referred to as internode length, positively correlates with axon diameter, and is optimized during development to ensure maximal neuronal conduction velocity. Following myelin loss, internode length is reestablished through remyelination. However, remyelination results in short internode lengths and reduced conduction rates. We analyzed the potential role of neurofilament phosphorylation in regulating internode length during remyelination and myelination. Following ethidium bromide induced demyelination, levels of neurofilament medium (NF-M) and heavy (NF-H) phosphorylation were unaffected. Preventing NF-M lysine-serine-proline (KSP) repeat phosphorylation increased internode length by 30% after remyelination. To further analyze the role of NF-M phosphorylation in regulating internode length, gene replacement was used to produce mice in which all KSP serine residues were replaced with glutamate to mimic constitutive phosphorylation. Mimicking constitutive KSP phosphorylation reduced internode length by 16% during myelination and motor nerve conduction velocity by ~27% without altering sensory nerve structure or function. Our results suggest that NF-M KSP phosphorylation is part of a cooperative mechanism between axons and Schwann cells that together determine internode length, and suggest motor and sensory axons utilize different mechanisms to establish internode length.

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We report the case of a 6-year-old girl with a penetrating ocular injury caused by a Burmese python. She received intravenous cefazolin before presenting and was treated thereafter with daily topical antibiotics and atropine. Six weeks after injury, she underwent cataract extraction and sulcus implantation of an intraocular lens and iris synechiolysis, with postoperative patching. Final visual outcome was excellent despite no globe repair was performed.

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Toxicity within superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1)-associated familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is non-cell autonomous with direct contribution from microglia. Microglia exhibit variable expression of neuroprotective and neurotoxic molecules throughout disease progression. The mechanisms regulating microglial phenotype within ALS are not well understood. This work presents a first study to examine the specific microglial phenotypic response in close association to motor neurons in a naturally occurring disease model of ALS, canine degenerative myelopathy (DM). Microglia closely associated with motor neurons were increased in all stages of DM progression, although only DM Late reached statistical significance. Furthermore, the number of arginase-1 expressing microglia per motor neuron were significantly increased in early stages of DM, whereas the number of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing microglia per motor neuron was indistinguishable from aged controls at all stages of disease. Fractalkine, a chemotactic molecule for microglia, was expressed in motor neurons, and the fractalkine receptor was specifically localized to microglia. However, we found no correlation between microglial response and lumbar spinal cord fractalkine levels. Taken together, these data suggest that arginase-1-expressing microglia are recruited to the motor neuron early in DM disease through a fractalkine-independent mechanism.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine if child characteristics, maternal education, intervention parameters, type of wheelchair control mechanism, or a combination of these variables were associated with proficient power mobility skills in children with severe motor impairments aged 14 to 30 months; and to determine if performance on the Wheelchair Skills Checklist (WSC) was associated with performance on the Powered Mobility Program (PMP). DESIGN: Secondary data analyses on data collected from 2 previously completed randomized controlled trials (RCTs). SETTING: Intervention and outcomes measurements took place in natural environments. PARTICIPANTS: Participants included children who were assigned to the intervention groups in 2 RCTs (N=31). INTERVENTION: Children practiced maneuvering individually customized power wheelchairs for 12 months in natural environments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proficiency was assessed using the WSC and the PMP. The Battelle Developmental Inventory and Merrill-Palmer-Revised were used to assess baseline cognition and motor skills. Baseline mobility was assessed using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory. RESULTS: Cognition, fine motor skills, and wheelchair control mechanism were associated with proficiency. Cognition, type of wheelchair control, and diagnosis all predicted proficiency while controlling for other covariates using multiple regression analysis. Agreement between the WSC and PMP was 94.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Cognition, type of wheelchair control, and diagnosis might predict power mobility proficiency in young children with severe motor impairments. These factors however should not be used to determine whether a child has the opportunity to participate in a training program. Agreement between the WSC and PMP could help researchers and clinicians compare results across studies that use only one of these outcome measures.

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INTRODUCTION: Deletion of myostatin in mice (MSTN-/- ) alters structural properties of peripheral axons. However, properties like axon diameter and myelin thickness were analyzed in mixed nerves, so it is unclear whether loss of myostatin affects motor, sensory, or both types of axons. METHODS: Using the MSTN-/- mouse model, we analyzed the effects of increasing the number of muscle fibers on axon diameter, myelin thickness, and internode length in motor and sensory axons. RESULTS: Axon diameter and myelin thickness were increased in motor axons of MSTN-/- mice without affecting internode length or axon number. The number of sensory axons was increased without affecting their structural properties. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that motor and sensory axons establish structural properties by independent mechanisms. Moreover, in motor axons, instructive cues from the neuromuscular junction may play a role in co-regulating axon diameter and myelin thickness, whereas internode length is established independently. Muscle Nerve 56: E100-E107, 2017.

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BACKGROUND: The Hispanic/Latino population in Forsyth County, North Carolina, is growing quickly and experiencing significant disparities in access to care and health outcomes. Assessing community perceptions and utilization of health care resources in order to improve health equity among Hispanics/Latinos at both the county and state levels is critical. METHODS: Our community engagement process was guided by the Community Health Assets Mapping Partnerships (CHAMP) approach, which helps identify gaps in health care availability and areas for immediate action to improve access to and quality of health care. Specifically, we invited and encouraged the Hispanic/Latino population to participate in 4 different workshops conducted in Spanish or English. Participants were identified as either health care providers, defined as anyone who provides health care or a related service, or health care seekers, defined as anyone who utilizes such services. RESULTS: The most commonly cited challenges to access to care were cost of health care, documentation status, lack of public transportation, racism, lack of care, lack of respect, and education/language. These data were utilized to drive continued engagement with the Hispanic community, and action steps were outlined. LIMITATIONS: While participation in the workshops was acceptable, greater representation of health care seekers and community providers is needed. CONCLUSIONS: This process is fundamental to multilevel initiatives under way to develop trust and improve relationships between the Hispanic/Latino community and local health care entities in Forsyth County. Follow-through on recommended action steps will continue to further identify disparities, close gaps in care, and potentially impact local and state policies with regard to improving the health status of the Hispanic/Latino community.

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Neurofilament biology is important to understanding structural properties of axons, such as establishment of axonal diameter by radial growth. In order to study the function of neurofilaments, a series of genetically modified mice have been generated. Here, we describe a brief history of genetic modifications used to study neurofilaments, as well as an overview of the steps required to generate a gene-targeted mouse. In addition, we describe steps utilized to analyze neurofilament phosphorylation status using immunoblotting. Taken together, these provide comprehensive analysis of neurofilament function in vivo, which can be applied to many systems.

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Physical activity has long been hypothesized to influence the risk and pathology of Alzheimer's disease. However, the amount of physical activity necessary for these benefits is unclear. We examined the effects of three months of low and high intensity exercise training on soluble Aß40 and Aß42 levels in extracellular enriched fractions from the cortex and hippocampus of young Tg2576 mice. Low (LOW) and high (HI) intensity exercise training animals ran at speeds of 15m/min on a level treadmill and 32 m/min at a 10% grade, respectively for 60 min per day, five days per week, from three to six months of age. Sedentary mice (SED) were placed on a level, non-moving, treadmill for the same duration. Soleus muscle citrate synthase activity increased by 39% in the LOW group relative to SED, and by 71% in the HI group relative to LOW, indicating an exercise training effect in these mice. Soluble Aß40 concentrations decreased significantly in an exercise training dose-dependent manner in the cortex. In the hippocampus, concentrations were decreased significantly in the HI group relative to LOW and SED. Soluble Aß42 levels also decreased significantly in an exercise training dose-dependent manner in both the cortex and hippocampus. Five proteins involved in Aß clearance (neprilysin, IDE, MMP9, LRP1 and HSP70) were elevated by exercise training with its intensity playing a role in each case. Our data demonstrate that exercise training reduces extracellular soluble Aß in the brains of Tg2576 mice in a dose-dependent manner through an up-regulation of Aß clearance.

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The purpose of this pilot study was to provide a new approach for capturing and analyzing wheelchair maneuvering data, which are critical for evaluating wheelchair users' activity levels. We proposed a mobile-cloud (MC) system, which incorporated the emerging mobile and cloud computing technologies. The MC system employed smartphone sensors to collect wheelchair maneuvering data and transmit them to the cloud for storage and analysis. A k-nearest neighbor (KNN) machine-learning algorithm was developed to mitigate the impact of sensor noise and recognize wheelchair maneuvering patterns. We conducted 30 trials in an indoor setting, where each trial contained 10 bouts (i.e., periods of continuous wheelchair movement). We also verified our approach in a different building. Different from existing approaches that require sensors to be attached to wheelchairs' wheels, we placed the smartphone into a smartphone holder attached to the wheelchair. Experimental results illustrate that our approach correctly identified all 300 bouts. Compared to existing approaches, our approach was easier to use while achieving similar accuracy in analyzing the accumulated movement time and maximum period of continuous movement (p > 0.8). Overall, the MC system provided a feasible way to ease the data collection process and generated accurate analysis results for evaluating activity levels.

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