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BACKGROUND: The land flatworm Amaga expatria Jones & Sterrer, 2005 (Geoplanidae) was described from two specimens collected in Bermuda in 1963 and 1988 and not recorded since. METHODS: On the basis of a citizen science project, we received observations in the field, photographs and specimens from non-professionals and local scientists in Martinique and Guadeloupe. We barcoded (COI) specimens from both islands and studied the histology of the reproductive organs of one specimen. Based on Next Generation Sequencing, we obtained the complete mitogenome of A. expatria and some information on its prey from contaminating DNA. RESULTS: We add records from 2006 to 2019 in two French islands of the Caribbean arc, Guadeloupe (six records) and Martinique (14 records), based on photographs obtained from citizen science and specimens examined. A specimen from Martinique was studied for histology of the copulatory organs and barcoded for the COI gene; its anatomy was similar to the holotype, therefore confirming species identification. The COI gene was identical for several specimens from Martinique and Guadeloupe and differed from the closest species by more than 10%; molecular characterisation of the species is thus possible by standard molecular barcoding techniques. The mitogenome is 14,962 bp in length and contains 12 protein coding genes, two rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes; for two protein genes it was not possible to determine the start codon. The mitogenome was compared with the few available mitogenomes from geoplanids and the most similar was Obama nungara, a species from South America. An analysis of contaminating DNA in the digestive system suggests that A. expatria preys on terrestrial molluscs, and citizen science observations in the field suggest that prey include molluscs and earthworms; the species thus could be a threat to biodiversity of soil animals in the Caribbean.
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Six essential oils were analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry coupled to negative-ion electrospray ionization (ESI(-)/FT-ICR MS). ESI offers selective ionization of a compound's polar functional groups containing nitrogen and oxygen heteroatoms. ESI in negative-ion mode allows the identification of the acidic compounds. The results showed that the samples contain between 1100-3600 individual molecular compositions, which corresponds to the greatest number of species detected to date in essential oils obtained from aromatic plant material. The compositions cover a mass range between m/z 150-500 with up to 41 carbon atoms. The dominant organic constituents of the essential oils correspond to species incorporating 2-5 oxygen atoms, detected as deprotonated/sodiated/chlorinated species. A set of 580 molecular assignments were found in common across all the samples and for the first time, a set of unique molecular systems were identified, and up to 1373 species as a unique composition for each essential oil. The molecular distributions plotted in van Krevelen diagrams (classified by their H/C vs. O/C values) suggest the presence of species with long alkyl chains and low numbers of rings plus double bonds.
RESUMEN
Other than crude protein (CP), crude energy (CE) and crude fiber (CF) content, the adequate supply of essential amino acids (EAA) is an important factor in milk replacer evaluation. The aim of this study was to analyze milk replacer samples as regard to nutrients, especially EAA, composition and simulate the attainability of calves' requirements in different feeding systems. Forty-one milk replacer samples were collected from 14 brands and analyzed for nutrient composition. The near infrared spectroscopy technique was used for AA content estimation. Samples presented adequate levels of CP (21.2±2.90%) and ether extract (14.5±3.41%) for calves fed according to the conventional (4L/d), but not for intensive milk feeding system (>6L/d). High values of CF were observed in the samples (1.6±0.86%). The EAA composition of milk replacer samples was lower than expected for a liquid feed supposed to replace whole milk. None of the analyzed samples presented adequate lysine (5.72±1.09% CP) or methionine (1.65±0.38% CP) to meet calves' daily requirements, regardless of feeding system. Higher crude protein milk replacers are needed. Alternatively, supplementation of milk replacers with EAA is recommended.
Além da proteína bruta (PB), gordura (EE) e teor de fibra bruta (FB), o suprimento adequado de aminoácidos essenciais (AAE) é um fator importante na avaliação de sucedâneos lácteos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar amostras de sucedâneos lácteos quanto a sua composição em nutrientes e simular o atendimento das exigências de AEE de bezerros em diferentes sistemas de aleitamento. Quarenta e uma amostras de sucedâneos foram coletadas de 14 marcas e analisadas quanto à composição em nutrientes. A técnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo foi utilizada para estimativa de conteúdo de AAE. As amostras apresentaram níveis adequados de PB (21,2 ± 2,90%) e EE (14,5 ± 3,41%) para bezerros aleitados de acordo com o sistema de alimentação convencional (4L/d), mas não para sistema intensivo (> 6L/d). Foram observados valores elevados de FB (1,6 ± 0,86%). A composição em EAA dos sucedâneos foi menor que o esperado para dieta líquida que substitui o leite integral. Nenhuma das amostras analisadas apresentou concentração adequada de lisina (5,72 ± 1,09% PB) ou metionina (1,65 ± 0,38% PB) para atender as exigências diárias dos bezerros, independentemente do sistema de aleitamento. É clara a necessidade de sucedâneos com maior teor de PB. Alternativamente, recomenda-se a suplementação de sucedâneos lácteos com AAE.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Bovinos/fisiología , Bovinos/metabolismo , Leche , Metionina/administración & dosificación , Nutrientes , AminoácidosRESUMEN
Other than crude protein (CP), crude energy (CE) and crude fiber (CF) content, the adequate supply of essential amino acids (EAA) is an important factor in milk replacer evaluation. The aim of this study was to analyze milk replacer samples as regard to nutrients, especially EAA, composition and simulate the attainability of calves' requirements in different feeding systems. Forty-one milk replacer samples were collected from 14 brands and analyzed for nutrient composition. The near infrared spectroscopy technique was used for AA content estimation. Samples presented adequate levels of CP (21.2±2.90%) and ether extract (14.5±3.41%) for calves fed according to the conventional (4L/d), but not for intensive milk feeding system (>6L/d). High values of CF were observed in the samples (1.6±0.86%). The EAA composition of milk replacer samples was lower than expected for a liquid feed supposed to replace whole milk. None of the analyzed samples presented adequate lysine (5.72±1.09% CP) or methionine (1.65±0.38% CP) to meet calves' daily requirements, regardless of feeding system. Higher crude protein milk replacers are needed. Alternatively, supplementation of milk replacers with EAA is recommended.(AU)
Além da proteína bruta (PB), gordura (EE) e teor de fibra bruta (FB), o suprimento adequado de aminoácidos essenciais (AAE) é um fator importante na avaliação de sucedâneos lácteos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar amostras de sucedâneos lácteos quanto a sua composição em nutrientes e simular o atendimento das exigências de AEE de bezerros em diferentes sistemas de aleitamento. Quarenta e uma amostras de sucedâneos foram coletadas de 14 marcas e analisadas quanto à composição em nutrientes. A técnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo foi utilizada para estimativa de conteúdo de AAE. As amostras apresentaram níveis adequados de PB (21,2 ± 2,90%) e EE (14,5 ± 3,41%) para bezerros aleitados de acordo com o sistema de alimentação convencional (4L/d), mas não para sistema intensivo (> 6L/d). Foram observados valores elevados de FB (1,6 ± 0,86%). A composição em EAA dos sucedâneos foi menor que o esperado para dieta líquida que substitui o leite integral. Nenhuma das amostras analisadas apresentou concentração adequada de lisina (5,72 ± 1,09% PB) ou metionina (1,65 ± 0,38% PB) para atender as exigências diárias dos bezerros, independentemente do sistema de aleitamento. É clara a necessidade de sucedâneos com maior teor de PB. Alternativamente, recomenda-se a suplementação de sucedâneos lácteos com AAE.(AU)
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Animales , Bovinos , Bovinos/metabolismo , Bovinos/fisiología , Nutrientes , Metionina/administración & dosificación , Leche , AminoácidosRESUMEN
The freshwater mussel family Hyriidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) has a disjunct trans-Pacific distribution in Australasia and South America. Previous phylogenetic analyses have estimated the evolutionary relationships of the family and the major infra-familial taxa (Velesunioninae and Hyriinae: Hyridellini in Australia; Hyriinae: Hyriini, Castaliini, and Rhipidodontini in South America), but taxon and character sampling have been too incomplete to support a predictive classification or allow testing of biogeographical hypotheses. We sampled 30 freshwater mussel individuals representing the aforementioned hyriid taxa, as well as outgroup species representing the five other freshwater mussel families and their marine sister group (order Trigoniida). Our ingroup included representatives of all Australian genera. Phylogenetic relationships were estimated from three gene fragments (nuclear 28S, COI and 16S mtDNA) using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference, and we applied a Bayesian relaxed clock model calibrated with fossil dates to estimate node ages. Our analyses found good support for monophyly of the Hyriidae and the subfamilies and tribes, as well as the paraphyly of the Australasian taxa (Velesunioninae, (Hyridellini, (Rhipidodontini, (Castaliini, Hyriini)))). The Hyriidae was recovered as sister to a clade comprised of all other Recent freshwater mussel families. Our molecular date estimation supported Cretaceous origins of the major hyriid clades, pre-dating the Tertiary isolation of South America from Antarctica/Australia. We hypothesize that early diversification of the Hyriidae was driven by terrestrial barriers on Gondwana rather than marine barriers following disintegration of the super-continent.
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Evolución Biológica , Bivalvos/clasificación , Filogenia , Animales , Australia , Teorema de Bayes , Bivalvos/genética , Cartilla de ADN , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Fósiles , Funciones de Verosimilitud , Modelos Genéticos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , América del SurRESUMEN
Galapagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and flightless cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi) live in small, isolated populations on the westernmost islands of Isabela and Fernandina in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Between August 2003 and February 2005, 4 field trips, 2 in the cool, dry season (August 2003 and August 2004) and 2 in the hot, rainy season (March 2004 and February 2005), were undertaken; 298 Galápagos penguins and 380 cormorants were sampled for prevalence and intensity of hemoparasites. Microfilariae were found in both the penguins and the cormorants. Blood smears were negative for the presence of other species of hemoparasites. Overall prevalence of microfilariae across seasons was 42.0% in cormorants and 13.8% in the penguins. Intensity of infection was generally low (mean = 3.2-31.7 in 25 fields across seasons and species) with the exception of a few individuals with markedly high intensities of parasites (>300 in 25 fields in 1 cormorant). Prevalence of microfilariae increased significantly over the 4 sampling periods for cormorants, but not for penguins. Prevalences were significantly higher in cormorants than in penguins for 3 of the 4 collecting trips. Male penguins had higher prevalences than females; however, there were no gender differences in cormorants. No relation was detected between body mass and either presence or intensity of parasitism. Morphological characteristics of the microfilariae are also described and specimens from each host species were similar in all characters measured. DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene were consistent with the morphological evidence and together demonstrate that the penguins and cormorants are likely to be infected with the same species of microfilariae.