RESUMEN
The mandibular gland secretions of Apis mellifera capensis virgin queens were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Changes in the patterns of the mandibular gland volatiles of A. m. capensis virgin queens were followed from emergence until 14-d old. Ontogenetic changes in the mandibular gland secretions were largely quantitative in nature, delineating the age categories (global R = 0.612, P = 0.001), except for 7- and 14-d-old queens, which cannot be separated on their mandibular gland profiles (P = 0.2). (E)-9-Oxodec-2-enoic acid (9ODA) contributes most and most consistently to the dissimilarity between groups as well as the similarity within groups. Worker reactions to introduced virgin queens of various ages were recorded. Workers showed a significant increase in hostile reactions as queens aged (r = 0.615, N = 20, P < 0.05). Consequently, worker reactions and relative 9ODA production exhibit a positive queen age-dependent response.
Asunto(s)
Abejas/fisiología , Ácidos Decanoicos/química , Feromonas/metabolismo , Conducta Social , Animales , Abejas/química , Ácidos Decanoicos/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Monoinsaturados , Femenino , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Feromonas/química , Glándula Submandibular/química , Glándula Submandibular/metabolismoRESUMEN
Current research studies regarding pre-hospital pain management focus on the range and efficacy of analgesics available. However, the attitudes and perceptions of paramedics towards patients in pain have not been explored. The aim of this study therefore, was to explore paramedics' perceptions of patients in pain and the paramedics' perspective of pre-hospital pain management. This qualitative exploratory study utilised semi-structured interviews to collect in-depth data from six paramedics working in a UK urban ambulance service. The interviews were audio tape-recorded, transcribed and then analysed using a thematic content analysis framework. The participants described factors which they felt influenced a patient's experience of pain, identifying a cultural difference to exist in pain expression. Patients were not always perceived by the participants to be honest when describing their pain and this was one of several reasons influencing the decision not to administer analgesia. This study has revealed small deficits in knowledge, highlighted where additional training would be of benefit and established areas to explore through further research.