RESUMEN
Limiting emissions of climate-warming methane from oil and gas (O&G) is a major opportunity for short-term climate benefits. We deploy a basin-wide airborne survey of O&G extraction and transportation activities in the New Mexico Permian Basin, spanning 35â¯923 km2, 26â¯292 active wells, and over 15â¯000 km of natural gas pipelines using an independently validated hyperspectral methane point source detection and quantification system. The airborne survey repeatedly visited over 90% of the active wells in the survey region throughout October 2018 to January 2020, totaling approximately 98â¯000 well site visits. We estimate total O&G methane emissions in this area at 194 (+72/-68, 95% CI) metric tonnes per hour (t/h), or 9.4% (+3.5%/-3.3%) of gross gas production. 50% of observed emissions come from large emission sources with persistence-averaged emission rates over 308 kg/h. The fact that a large sample size is required to characterize the heavy tail of the distribution emphasizes the importance of capturing low-probability, high-consequence events through basin-wide surveys when estimating regional O&G methane emissions.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Metano , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Metano/análisis , Gas Natural/análisis , New Mexico , Pozos de AguaRESUMEN
Apicomplexa is a large phylum of parasitic protists renowned for significant negative health impacts on humans and livestock worldwide. Despite the prevalence and negative impacts of apicomplexans across many animal groups, relatively little attention has been given to apicomplexan parasites of invertebrates, especially marine invertebrates. Previous work has reported an apicomplexan parasite 'X' (APX), a parasite that has been histologically and ultrastructurally identified from the commercially important flat oyster Ostrea chilensis in New Zealand. This apicomplexan may exacerbate host vulnerability to the infectious disease bonamiosis. In this study, we report 18S rRNA sequences amplified from APX-infected O. chilensis tissues. Phylogenetic analyses clearly established that the 18S sequences were of apicomplexan origin; however, their detailed relationship to known apicomplexan groups is less resolved. Two specific probes, designed from the putative APX 18S rRNA sequence, co-localised with APX cells in in situ hybridisations, further supporting our hypothesis that the 18S sequences were from APX. These sequences will facilitate the future development of inexpensive and sensitive molecular diagnostic tests for APX, thereby assisting research focussed on the biology and ecology of this organism and its role in morbidity and mortality of O. chilensis.
Asunto(s)
Apicomplexa/clasificación , Apicomplexa/genética , Ostrea/parasitología , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Nueva Zelanda , FilogeniaRESUMEN
There are many psychiatric disorders for which severe adverse events in childhood have been shown to be significant risk factors. This is particularly true for schizophrenia. The authors designed this study to determine whether specific childhood stressors might contribute to the specific symptoms of schizophrenia and not merely to increased risk for the psychosis. The authors divided childhood stressors into two domains: 1-"Childhood Neglect" in which the stressor is passively experienced as in the case of absent parenting and 2-"Childhood Abuse" in which the trauma is actively inflicted as in the case of physical maltreatment. Data for the study consist of the cumulative anonymous records of 134 schizophrenia patients carefully separated by positive or negative symptomatology. MANOVA testing yielded a statistically significant finding; childhood neglect is correlated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia and childhood abuse is associated with positive symptoms of the psychosis. The authors speculate that type of childhood stressor may incubate the specific symptoms of adult schizophrenia. They also call for more research on this topic since this is the first study of its kind.
Asunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Psicóticos/epidemiología , Esquizofrenia/epidemiología , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Humanos , Trastornos Psicóticos/psicología , Factores de Riesgo , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
We used cultivation-independent methods to investigate the prokaryotic biogeography of the water column in six salt lakes in Inner Mongolia, China, and a salt lake in Argentina. These lakes had different salt compositions and pH values and were at variable geographic distances, on both local and intercontinental scales, which allowed us to explore the microbial community composition within the context of both contemporary environmental conditions and geographic distance. Fourteen 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed, and over 200 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained. These sequences were used to construct biotic similarity matrices, which were used in combination with environmental similarity matrices and a distance matrix in the Mantel test to discover which factors significantly influenced biotic similarity. We showed that archaeal biogeography was influenced by contemporary environmental factors alone (Na+, CO3(2-), and HCO3(-) ion concentrations; pH; and temperature). Bacterial biogeography was influenced both by contemporary environmental factors (Na+, Mg2+, and HCO3(-) ion concentrations and pH) and by geographic distance.