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Leprosy is still found mainly in lower-middle-income countries. Breaking the chain of leprosy transmission requires various ways, especially by increasing knowledge of leprosy prevention through health education. Although several studies have mentioned the effectiveness of health education, there is still uncertainty about the best method to use. Therefore, the review question should be answered: what forms of health education have been developed about Leprosy in the community? This review study complies with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) version 2020. The search for relevant literature involved PubMed, ScienceDirect, ERIC, Cochrane, and ProQuest databases for the studies published in the 2000 to 2023 period with the inclusion criteria such as increasing knowledge, changing attitudes and behavior, and increasing positive stigma. The quality of the study was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program, and the Risk of Bias using the Cochrane RoB tool. Overall search on databases resulted in a total of 184,681 articles. Only six studies were eligible to be included in this review. Various educational methods were used in the eligible studies, including MH Mobile, the myth or truth on Leprosy game, posters, leaflets, community meetings, tele-education the web, discussion lists, chats, activity diaries, iconographic 3D videos, classes on video streaming, video conference, case simulation, lecture, and the contact intervention (education, testimonies (direct contact), videos, and comics). All of the methods used had the potential to improve knowledge, attitude, and practice and reduce negative stigma regarding Leprosy. There is no method of health education superior to another on Leprosy prevention.

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Copper (Cu, 1-5 wt%) was loaded onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a simple electrochemical method. The physicochemical properties of catalysts (Cu/CNTs) were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen (N2) adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron spinning resonance (ESR). The results showed that the Cu was distributed well on the CNT surface by the interaction of Cu(2+) ions with -OH and -COOH groups on the CNT surface, which preferentially occurred at the defect sites along the CNT backbone. The Cu-O-C bonds formed were found to play an important role in enhancing the photoactivity of the catalysts. The highest number of Cu-O-C bonds possessed by 3 wt% Cu/CNTs demonstrated the best performance in the degradation of p-chloroaniline (96%) under UV light irradiation within 5 h of reaction at 27 °C and under neutral pH conditions. Kinetic studies showed that the degradation followed the pseudo-first order model and the surface reaction was the controlling step. It is believed that these results could contribute to the synthesis of various supported catalysts for various applications.

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Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were synthesized with variable microwave power in the range of 100-450 W, and the resulting enhancement of MSN crystal growth was evaluated for the adsorption and release of ibuprofen. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the MSN prepared under the highest microwave power (MSN450) produced the most crystallized and prominent mesoporous structure. Enhancement of the crystal growth improved the hexagonal order and range of silica, which led to greater surface area, pore width and pore volume. MSN450 exhibited higher ibuprofen adsorption (98.3 mg/g), followed by MSN300(81.3 mg/g) and MSN100(74.1 mg/g), confirming that more crystallized MSN demonstrated higher adsorptivity toward ibuprofen. Significantly, MSN450 also contained more hydroxyl groups that provided more adsorption sites. In addition, MSN450 exhibited comparable ibuprofen adsorption with conventionally synthesized MSN, indicating the potential of microwave treatment in the synthesis of related porous materials. In vitro drug release was also investigated with simulated biological fluids and the kinetics was studied under different pH conditions. MSN450 showed the slowest release rate of ibuprofen, followed by MSN300 and MSN100. This was due to the wide pore diameter and longer range of silica order of the MSN450. Ibuprofen release from MSN450 at pH 5 and 7 was found to obey a zero-order kinetic model, while release at pH 2 followed the Kosmeyer-Peppas model.

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Regular consumption of natural antioxidants reduces the risk of developing diseases. Aloin is one of the main active phenolic components of Aloe vera. The main disadvantage of aloin is its concentration limit of use that causes cell damage. One of the aims of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of aloin in the presence and absence of camel ß-casein ( ß-CN) and its peptide fractions. The mixture of aloin, ß-CN and peptides showed a very high antioxidant activity in a synergistic manner as compared to each component alone. The alpha ( α)-glucosidase inhibitory activity of aloin was also investigated in the presence and absence of ß-CN and its peptides. Aloin alone is a potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of aloin is reduced in the presence of ß-CN or its peptides. The combination of aloin and ß-CN or its peptides makes a high antioxidant functional ingredient.

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Lyophilised, irradiated bone allografts available for the first time in the country from the Tata Memorial Hospital Tissue Bank were used in 30 paediatric patients from January 2001 to August 2004. They included 20 patients of scoliosis of various origin and ten with assorted orthopaedic conditions including one congenital kyphosis, two Pott's spine, one Perthes disease, one developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), one infective non-union, one fibrous dysplasia and three with bone defects either due to trauma, a cyst or removal of hardware. Morsellised allograft was used in 28 patients. In those cases of scoliosis in which ribs were resected out during costectomy, the morsellised allograft was mixed with morsellised rib autograft. Non-morsellised femoral head grafts were used in two patients, one a case of varus open derotation osteotomy in Perthes disease and the other an acetabuloplasty in DDH. Patients were followed at intervals of 8-12 weeks and radiological evaluation was done periodically. The follow up period ranged from 1 to 4 years post surgery. All patients with scoliosis showed excellent union at the grafting site with non-progression of curve and no signs of loosening at implant site. The two patients, in whom non-morsellised femoral head grafts were used, both showed incorporation of the graft with good fusion within a 4 month period. None of the patient had infection, non-union, pseudoarthrosis, fracture at the graft site, or any other complication.

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We conducted a prospective study in order to audit our experience of repairing cranial defects using Methyl methacrylate. This included a total of 49 patients undergoing cranioplasty using methyl methacrylate, of which 45 were males and 4 females. The age of patients at the time of surgery ranged from 16 to 40 years old, with an average of 24 years. Malays were the majority (67%), followed by Chinese (23%) and Indian (10%). Cranial defects were mainly caused by motor vehicle accident (94%), while gunshot wounds, industrial accidents and tumours, each contribute 2%. Bone flaps were commonly removed during previous surgery related to traumatic subdural haemorrhage (33%), contusion (21%) and intracerebral haemorrhage (14%). The size of cranial defects ranged from 28 cm2 to 440 cm2, with an average of 201 cm2. Most had right sided (55%) and lateral defects [temporoparietal (52%) followed by temporal (16%), frontal (16%), frontotemporal (14%) and occipital (2%)]. Duration of surgery ranged from 70 to 275 minutes, with an average of 135 minutes. Nine of 12 patients (75%) with neurological disability had some improvement while 85% of symptomatic patients had symptoms improvement after cranioplasty. The infection rate in this series was 4%.

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Complete separation of an epiphysis is a rare complication of neonatal osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. We report two cases of pathologic epiphyseal separation after neonatal osteomyelitis, involving the distal and proximal femoral epiphyses with a follow-up of 2 and 7.5 years, respectively. Birth trauma, scurvy, and nonaccidental injury should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pathologic epiphyseal slip. The pitfalls in diagnosis are many, and plain radiograms of unossified epiphyses are often misleading. A high index of suspicion and the use of imaging modalities are useful in making an early diagnosis of epiphyseal slip. The optimal treatment is controversial, and the long-term prognosis is uncertain. The potential for recovery appears to be excellent, provided an early diagnosis is made and prompt treatment by anatomic reduction of the displaced epiphysis is instituted.

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A prospective study of 42 children with forearm fractures, treated by closed reduction and plaster, was conducted to assess the remodeling capacity of the radial epiphyseal plate after union of fracture with angulation. The children's ages ranged from 3 to 15 years. The effect of residual angulation of the healed fracture on the distal radial epiphyseal plate was examined radiographically over a median follow-up time of 3 years and 2 months, to observe the behavior of the distal radial epiphyseal plate during remodeling and to identify the factors that influenced this process. On the basis of these findings, guidelines are proposed for the treatment of forearm fractures that have healed with residual angulation. The inclinations of the distal radial epiphyseal plate on the fractured and normal forearms were compared on anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, at union and at final follow-up, in both the radioulnar and the dorsovolar planes. An alteration of inclination was seen in all patients with dorsovolar angulation of the radial growth plate, which always tended toward a correction of the abnormal inclination. In diaphyseal fractures, the distal radial epiphyseal plate realigned well only in children aged < or = 10 years, whereas with distal radial fractures, realignment of the epiphyseal plate and restoration of function was uniformly good up to age 15. Diaphyseal fractures, with radioulnar angulation in the growth plate, did not seem to remodel completely and were associated with loss of motion, whereas in distal fractures, irrespective of the final inclination of the epiphyseal plate, the range of motion returned completely at the end of follow-up. Abnormal angulation in the radioulnar plane was poorly corrected in all patients. These results could be helpful in the treatment of forearm fractures that are positioned or have healed in residual angulation.

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