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BACKGROUND:This review explores the current research status and frontier hot spots of functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)in the field of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for the treatment of ischemic stroke,and attempts to grasp future research trends,with a view to providing a reference for subsequent research in this field. OBJECTIVE:To visualize and analyze the hotspots and frontiers in the TCM treatment of ischemic stroke based on fMRI using CiteSpace knowledge mapping combined with binary logistic regression equations,in order to grasp the future research trends and further explore the distribution of brain regions with abnormal neural activity related to the types of post-stroke dysfunction. METHODS:CNKI,WanFang,VIP,Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and Web of Science core set database were searched.CiteSpace was used to plot keyword co-occurrence,keyword clustering timeline,burst term detection,co-cited literature mapping to analyze hotpots and frontiers in this field.Binary logistic regression analysis fitted the distribution of brain regions with abnormal neural activity associated with different dysfunction after ischemic stroke. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A total of 354 articles were included for CiteSpace knowledge mapping analysis.The number of annual publications showed that the research popularity has been raised from 2000 to 2022 with a good development prospect,but the core strength is mainly concentrated in China.Keywords co-occurrence and clustering time line analysis showed that aphasia,hemiplegia and cognitive impairment are the hot poststroke dysfunction types.Electroacupuncture,acupuncture and head acupuncture are hotspot intervention measures.Functional connectivity is a hotspot analysis method,and resting fMRI is a hotspot scanning technology.The time span of each research hotspot is long,indicating that it has a certain research value and the relevant research is gradually deepening,promoting the research progress in this field.However,acupuncture is the main intervention measure,and there is a lack of research on traditional Chinese medicine,Chinese patent medicine,acupuncture and medicine combination and other TCM therapy.Burst term detection results showed that functional connectivity,graph theory,degree centrality,default mode network,randomized controlled trials have great influence and strong explosive power.They are the current and future frontier hot spots in this field,suggesting that future research should focus on the brain network information integration and strengthen the scientific and rigorous clinical trial design.The results of co-cited literature analysis showed that the epidemiological investigation of ischemic stroke,the safety and effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of stroke,the brain activation patterns under different tasks,and the neuropathological mechanism of brain network dysfunction after stroke are the theoretical basis of this field.Future research direction in this field is to explore TCM-targeted brain regions and neural networks to reveal the brain effect mechanism of TCM promoting neural remodeling after stroke.A total of 255 articles were included for binary Logistic regression analysis.The results showed that sensorimotor cortex and premotor area dysfunction are positively correlated with the incidence of motor dysfunction after stroke;hippocampus,cerebellum posterior lobe,precuneus,inferior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate nerve dysfunction are positively correlated with the incidence of cognitive impairment after stroke;cuneus,angular gyrus and prefrontal lobe neural dysfunction were positively correlated with the incidence of affective disorder after stroke;anterior cingulate,cerebellum posterior lobe neural dysfunction are positively correlated with the incidence of swallowing disorder after stroke.The above brain regions are the core brain regions of the sensorimotor network,default mode network and reward loop,suggesting that functional abnormalities within or between brain networks related to dysfunction may be potential target areas for TCM intervention,but the specific changes in neural activity activation or inhibition still need to be refined.

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Ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， encompassing ischemic heart disease and ischemic cerebrovascular disease， possess the features of high prevalence， disability， and mortality rates， thus ranking as the leading cause of global mortality. The shared etiology of ischemic heart disease and ischemic cerebrovascular disease involves local hypoperfusion caused by vascular stenosis， atherosclerosis， and infarction. Their intricate pathological processes involve various mechanisms such as inflammation， pyroptosis， apoptosis， and autophagy. However， interventions targeting individual pathological pathways offer limited therapeutic effects. There is an urgent need to explore novel treatment strategies or medications capable of simultaneously intervening in multiple pathological pathways. Mesenchymal stem cells， through their paracrine effects， play a role in tissue repair， with exosomes playing an important role. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes exhibit immunomodulatory and reparative properties similar to their parent cells while also reducing the side effects and infusion toxicity associated with the direct application of stem cells. Thus， they hold broad prospects for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and formulations， with their characteristics of multiple components， targets， and multi-level system regulation， can improve the cellular microenvironment by modulating mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes， thereby exerting therapeutic effects on ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This viewpoint highlights the concept of microscopic pattern differentiation in modern TCM and represents another significant area of TCM modernization. This article provided a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases while discussing the application of TCM in regulating mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， offering new insights for the prevention and treatment of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases using TCM.

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OBJECTIVE To reveal the role of the basal forebrain(BF)GABAergic neurons in the regulation of isoflurane anesthesia and to elucidate the underlying neural pathways.METHODS The activity of BF GABAer-gic neurons was monitored during isoflurane anesthesia using a genetically encoded calcium indicator in Vgat-Cre mice of both sexes.The activity of BF GABAer-gic neurons was manipulated by chemogenetic and opto-genetic approaches.Sensitivity,induction time and emer-gence time of isoflurane anesthesia were estimated by righting reflex.The electroencephalogram(EEG)power and burst-suppression were monitored by EEG recording.The effects of activation of GABAergic BF-thalamic reticu-lar nucleus(TRN)pathway on isoflurane anesthesia were investigated with optogenetics.RESULTS The activity of BF GABAergic neurons was generally inhibited during isoflurane anesthesia,obviously decreased during the induction of anesthesia and gradually restored during the emergence from anesthesia.Activation of BF GABAergic neurons with chemogenetics and optogenetics promoted behavioral emergence from isoflurane anesthesia,with decreased sensitivity to isoflurane,delayed induction and accelerated emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.Optogenetic activation of BF GABAergic neurons prom-oted cortical activity during isoflurane anesthesia,with decreased EEG delta power and burst suppression ratio during 0.8%and 1.4%isoflurane anesthesia,respectively.Similar to the effects of activating BF GABAergic cell bod-ies,photostimulation of BF GABAergic terminals in the TRN also strongly promoted cortical activation and behav-ioral emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.CONCLU-SION The GABAergic neurons in the BF is a key neural substrate for general anesthesia regulation that facilitates behavioral and cortical emergence from general anesthe-sia via the BF-TRN pathway.

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Chinese medicinal materials are the basis for the inheritance and development of traditional Chinese medicine,as well as strategic resources related to the national economy and people's livelihood.In 2015,12 departments,including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology,and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,jointly formulated the Plan for the Protection and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine(2015-2020)(hereinafter referred to as the Plan),focusing on seven major construction tasks for the protection and development of traditional Chinese medicine.Through the summary and evaluation of the Plan,it can be seen that the overall development goals and 7 specific indicators have been achieved by 2020.It has been focused on solving the problems of the loss and depletion of some wild Chinese medicinal materials resources and the shortage of Chinese medicinal materials supply.Promoting to alleviate the problems,including the abuse of chemical fertilizers,pesticides,and growth regulators.The extensive production and management of Chinese medicinal materials,as well as the poor exchange of supply and demand information were effectively improved.On the whole,the development and protection of Chinese medicinal materials were promoted.Moreover,the dependence on wild Chinese medicinal materials was reduced through scientific development of Chinese medicinal materials production.And the sustainable development of the Chinese medicinal materials industry was coordinated with the protection of the ecological environment.However,there were still some problems and deficiencies,such as a lack of accurate information guidance,an incomplete price formation mechanism,and an incomplete whole-process traceability system of Chinese medicinal materials.It is suggested that during the 14th Five-Year Plan period,we should continuously strengthen the protection and sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine resources,and build a new development pattern for traditional Chinese medicine industry based on the new development concept and requirement.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma powder in treating dyslipidemia by regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway. MethodSixty patients with dyslipidemia （syndrome of combined phlegm and stasis） treated in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine from May 2021 to June 2022 were selected in this study and randomized into two groups according to the randomized， double-blind control principle. The control group was treated with Xuezhikang capsules + Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma powder placebo and the observation group with Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma powder + Xuezhikang capsules placebo for 6 weeks. The clinical efficacy， traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） syndrome scores， and liver and kidney function indicators were evaluated at weeks 0， 3， and 6. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was employed to determine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）， kinase insert domain receptor （KDR）， epidermal growth factor （EGF）， and epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR） in the peripheral serum. Quantitative Real-time PCR was employed to measure the mRNA levels of KDR， EGFR， PI3K， and Akt in the mononuclear cells of the peripheral blood. ResultThe observation group （83.33%） showed the total effective rate comparable to that of the control group （89.66%） and no adverse reactions. Compared with before treatment， the patients in the observation group showed decreased TCM syndrome score and serum levels total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） and after being treated for 3 and 6 weeks （P<0.05）， the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） showed an upward trend, but the difference was not statistically significant. After treatment， the two groups showed no significant differences. Compared with that before treatment, the mRNA expression of PI3K, Akt and EGFR in peripheral blood mononuclear cell and the expression of EGF, VEGF and KDR in serum of the observation group showed a downward trend with time, in which the mRNA expression of PI3K, Akt, VEGF and KDR decreased more significantly (P<0.05)，The expression levels of KDR mRNA and serum EGFR show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.Compared with the control group after treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in mRNA expression of PI3K, Akt, EGFR, and KDR, as well as serum levels of EGF, EGFR, VEGF, and KDR between the two groups of patients at the same time point. ConclusionNotoginseng Radix et Rhizoma powder is safe and effective in correcting dyslipidemia. It may inhibit the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by down-regulating the expression of VEGF/KDR to lower the blood lipid level.

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OBJECTIVES: Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) can cause intestinal diseases in livestock and humans, which seriously threatens the healthy development of animal husbandry and human food safety. Here, the characteristics of antimicrobial resistance and molecular typing of ruminant-borne strains of C. perfringens in Xinjiang, China were explored and profiled. METHODS: A total of 307 clinical feces collected from ruminants (cattle and sheep) with diarrheal symptoms were screened for C. perfringens. The recovered isolates were characterized in respect to their antimicrobial resistance pattern and molecular typing. RESULTS: A total of 109 isolates of C. perfringens were isolated from 307 clinical feces of ruminants, most of which displayed the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. Demonstration of the quinolone-resistance gene was the highest among the isolates (70.6%). The multiplex PCR typing based on toxin genes showed that type A and type D strains made up 82.6% (90/109) and 17.4% (19/109), among which, the isolates carrying ß2 gene occupied 43.3% (39/90) of type A strains and 31.6% (6/19) of type D strains. These isolates were divided into 6 genotypes (I-VI) by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-based PCR (ERIC-PCR) method. A total of 33 ST types (ST1-ST33) were identified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. CONCLUSION: C. perfringens isolates with multidrug resistance (MDR) were frequent and circulating in ruminants. Among them, type A-Ⅰ-ST19 was the dominant genotype of C. perfringens, displaying obvious genetic diversity. This study provided important epidemiological data for the risk assessment of food safety associated with ruminant-borne C. perfringens in Xinjiang, China.

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INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal parasites are some of the most common pathogens which are seriously harmful to the camel's health. The infection status of gastrointestinal parasites in camels (Camelus bactrianus) in the Tianshan Mountains pastoral area in China is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the species and infection intensity of gastrointestinal tract parasites in local camels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 362 fresh faecal samples were collected and examined for parasite eggs using the saturated saline floating and natural sedimentation method. The parasite eggs were subjected to morphological and molecular examination and identification, and the infection rate and mean intensity of the parasites were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 15 gastrointestinal tract parasite species' eggs were identified, with a detection rate of 100%. Ostertagia spp. (100%) and Trichostrongylus spp. (98.1%) were dominant. Camels were often coinfected by 5-14 species. The average number of eggs per gram of faeces was higher for Ostertagia spp. (298), Haemonchus contortus (176) and Nematodirus spp. (138). The number of species of parasites infecting young camels was significantly lower than that of adult camels, but the infection intensity in young camels was significantly higher. CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal parasites were highly prevalent in camels from the Tianshan Mountains pastoral area in China. This finding provides important epidemiological data for the prevention and control of associated infections in camels.

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BACKGROUND AND AIM: As a tick-borne zoonotic pathogen, Ehrlichia canis has already posed a threat to public health and safety. This study aimed to clarify the prevalence and molecular characteristics of E. canis in pet dogs in Xinjiang, China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 297 blood samples of pet dogs and 709 skin ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) were subjected to molecular detection using PCR for E. canis 16S rRNA gene, and then, positive samples were amplified, sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed for E. canis gp36 gene. RESULTS: The PCR detection showed that the positive rate of PCR was 12.12% (36/297) in blood samples and 15.23% (108/709) in tick samples, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of E. canis gp36 protein, these E. canis strains in different geographical regions of the world can be divided into Genogroup I and Genogroup II. Among them, the Xinjiang epidemic strain XJ-6 and 533, 36, 1055, Kasur1, and Jake strains were clustered into subgroup 1.1 of Genogroup I, while the XJ-2, XJ-21, and XJ-35 strains and the TWN1, TWN4, CM180, and CM196 strains were closely related and belonged to subgroup 2.2 of Genogroup II, displaying high genetic diversity. CONCLUSION: This is the first study focusing on the molecular epidemiology of E. canis infection in pet dogs, which revealed that E. canis infection had been occurred in Xinjiang, China. More importantly, this study confirmed that the substantial variability in immunoreactive protein gp36 from E. canis strains circulating in pet dogs.

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INTRODUCTION: Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly discovered porcine circovirus. The molecular characteristics and genetic evolution of PCV3 in Xinjiang province, China still being unclear, the aim of the study was their elucidation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 393 clinical samples were collected from pigs on commercial farms in nine different regions of Xinjiang and phylogenetic analysis based on full-length Cap genes was performed. RESULTS: The prevalence at farm level was 100%, while in all the tested samples it was 22.39%. Nine PCV3 strains were detected in Xinjiang province and they shared 98.9-99.3% nucleotide and 97.5-100.0% Cap gene amino acid sequence identities with other epidemic strains from China and abroad. Compared with other epidemic strains of PCV3, there were 26 base mutation sites in the Cap gene in the nine Xinjiang strains, resulting in the mutation of amino acids at positions 20, 24, 75, 77, 108, 111 and 206. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains can be divided into two different genetic groups, to the first of which five strains affiliated and divided between subgroups 1.1 and 1.2, and to the second of which the other four strains affiliated and similarly divided between subgroups 2.1 and 2.2. CONCLUSION: PCV3 circulates widely among commercial pig farms in Xinjiang province, China, and displays obvious genetic diversity. The results provide epidemiological information useful for the prevention and control of PCV3 infection in the pig industry.

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OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a major pathogen causing dairy cow mastitis and endometritis. Recently, animal-derived SA strains pose a serious public-health threat. However, little is known about antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of SA isolated from dairy cows in Xinjiang, China. In this study, antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene profiles and genotypes of SA from clinical mastitis and endometritis in dairy cows were investigated. METHODS: A total of 337 clinical samples (186 milk samples from clinical mastitis cases and 151 endometritis swab samples) were collected from 15 large-scale dairy farms and were screened for SA. All SA isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, detection of virulence genes and molecular typing. RESULTS: A total of 155 SA strains were isolated; 22 (14.2%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Resistance of MRSA isolates was significantly higher than that of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The percentage of virulence genes varied between MSSA and MRSA. The strains could be divided into two SCCmec types (I and IVa), three agr types (I, II and III) and four spa types (t779, t2883, t13751 and t1939). MLST identified 14 sequence types, among which ST1 and ST9 had relatively high detection rates. CONCLUSIONS: These findings revealed that ST9-t1939-agrI was the main genotype of MSSA, whilst ST1-SCCmecI-t1939-agrI was the main genotype of MRSA from dairy cows. More significantly, a novel ST (STX) was identified for the first time. The majority of SA strains from dairy cows were multidrug-resistant and carried multiple virulence genes, posing a potential public-health risk.

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Objective To analyze the curative effect and nursing care of MAP complicated with paralytic intestinal obstruction by modified retention enema and traditional retention enema. Methods Select Queshan People′s Hospital from May 2013 to May 2018 treated 250 cases of acute pancreatitis patients with paralytic ileus, according to random number table method to all of the patients were randomly divided into two groups, control group and test group two groups of patients were given conventional treatment nursing of acute pancreatitis, which on the basis of the control group patients give traditional retention enema treatment, while the experimental group patients give improved retention enema surgery treatment; Total enema times, liquid retention time and remission time of PI symptoms after enema were recorded for the two groups, and laboratory indicators such as comfort level, C_reactive protein level and serum creatine phosphokinase were compared between the two groups.t Results The comfort rate of the experimental group was 84.00% (105/125), and that of the control group was 61.60% (77/125). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2=13.034, P<0.05). After treatment, the total enema frequency, drug retention time, and PI symptom relief time were (4.10±1.23) times, (25.39± 4.28) min, (2.53±0.81) d, and the control group were (6.29±2.19) times, (8.72±2.11) min, (3.92±1.23) d, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=5.203, 9.349, t=5.293, both P<0.05). The levels of creatine phosphokinase in the experimental group were (87.39 ± 76.20), (103.24 ± 75.38), (70.92 ± 64.22) U/L after 1, 3, and 5 days of hospitalization, and the control group was (106.28 ± 81.29), respectively. 213.29±73.29), (175.28±58.99) U/L, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=19.276, 24.334, 25.394, both P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the C_reactive protein level between the experimental group and the control group (P>0.05). The C_reactive protein levels were (11.72 ± 2.36) and (9.52 ± 2.17) after 3 days of hospitalization and 5 days after hospitalization, the control group were (14.02±2.37), (11.08±2.76), and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=15.342, 13.029, both P<0.05). Conclusion Compar enema, the modified retention enema can effectively reduce the total enema times of the patients, prolong the retention time of the patients' liquid while maintaining the temperature, and greatly shorten the remission time of the patients'PI symptoms. It is worth popularizing in clinic to improve the patients' comfort, C_reactive protein, serum creatine phosphokinase and other laboratory indexes.

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As an important zoonotic pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus has led to serious mastitis and endometritis in infected dairy cows. In this study, a total of 164 strains of S. aureus were isolated from dairy cows in Xinjiang Province, China, and subjected to assays to determine drug susceptibility and biofilm (BF) formation ability. Enterotoxin-related genes were detected, and the transcription levels of genes related to BF formation were determined by using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, the pathogenicity of isolates with different BF formation abilities was determined by measuring their hemolysis activity, half lethal dose (LD₅₀) and organ bacterial load. The results showed that 86.0% of S. aureus isolates could form BF. Among them, 42.1% of the strains had weak BF formation ability, and most strains with a strong BF formation ability were ica gene carriers. The S. aureus isolates displayed multidrug resistance and their drug resistance was positively correlated with their BF formation ability. Moreover, 96.3% of the S. aureus isolates carried enterotoxin genes. Among them, the detection rates of the novel enterotoxin genes were higher than those of conventional enterotoxin genes. Furthermore, isolates with a strong BF formation ability had higher LD50 but lower hemolysis ability and organ bacterial load than those of the isolates with weak or no BF ability. However, isolates without BF ability produced more severe pathological changes than those of isolates with strong BF formation ability. These findings suggest that higher BF ability and presence of novel enterotoxin genes are important characteristics of S. aureus isolates from dairy cows in Xinjiang Province, China, and such isolates may pose potential threats to food safety.

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Objective@#To analyze the curative effect and nursing care of MAP complicated with paralytic intestinal obstruction by modified retention enema and traditional retention enema.@*Methods@#Select Queshan People′s Hospital from May 2013 to May 2018 treated 250 cases of acute pancreatitis patients with paralytic ileus, according to random number table method to all of the patients were randomly divided into two groups, control group and test group two groups of patients were given conventional treatment nursing of acute pancreatitis, which on the basis of the control group patients give traditional retention enema treatment, while the experimental group patients give improved retention enema surgery treatment; Total enema times, liquid retention time and remission time of PI symptoms after enema were recorded for the two groups, and laboratory indicators such as comfort level, C-reactive protein level and serum creatine phosphokinase were compared between the two groups.t@*Results@#The comfort rate of the experimental group was 84.00% (105/125), and that of the control group was 61.60% (77/125). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2=13.034, P<0.05). After treatment, the total enema frequency, drug retention time, and PI symptom relief time were (4.10±1.23) times, (25.39±4.28) min, (2.53±0.81) d, and the control group were (6.29±2.19) times, (8.72±2.11) min, (3.92±1.23) d, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=5.203, 9.349, t=5.293, both P<0.05). The levels of creatine phosphokinase in the experimental group were (87.39±76.20), (103.24±75.38), (70.92±64.22) U/L after 1, 3, and 5 days of hospitalization, and the control group was (106.28±81.29), respectively. 213.29±73.29), (175.28±58.99) U/L, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=19.276, 24.334, 25.394, both P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the C-reactive protein level between the experimental group and the control group (P>0.05). The C-reactive protein levels were (11.72±2.36) and (9.52±2.17) after 3 days of hospitalization and 5 days after hospitalization, the control group were (14.02±2.37), (11.08±2.76), and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=15.342, 13.029, both P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Compar enema, the modified retention enema can effectively reduce the total enema times of the patients, prolong the retention time of the patients' liquid while maintaining the temperature, and greatly shorten the remission time of the patients'PI symptoms. It is worth popularizing in clinic to improve the patients' comfort, C-reactive protein, serum creatine phosphokinase and other laboratory indexes.

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Objective To investigate the needs of nursing-based continuing home care in old patients with chronic diseases in communi-ty. Methods From June to August, 2016, 14 old patients with chronic diseases were purposively sampled, and interviewed with semi-struc-ture. The data were collected and refined with phenomenological analysis. Results The patients were very positive in nursing-based continu-ing home care. The main requirements included the knowledge about chronic diseases, psychological comforts, rehabilitation nursing, daily security help and medical insurance support. Conclusion It is necessary to support the continuing home care for old patients with chronic diseases, and strengthen the profesional nursing team building in community.

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Porcine sapovirus (PoSaV) is one of the important pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis in piglets. A survey on the infection and epidemic status of PoSaV in Xinjiang Province, Northwest China, was conducted in this study. We applied indirect viral protein 1 (VP1)-ELISA method to detect specific antibodies in 1218 serum samples of 3-month-old piglets collected from eight regions in Xinjiang during 2013-2014 and also detected PoSaV in 146 diarrhea stools of piglets in these eight regions using RT-PCR technology. The results showed that the PoSaV-serological positive rates in piglets in eight different regions in Xinjiang were between 32.82 and 47.06% with a mean rate of 37.68%. The average positive rate of PCR in stools of piglets was 3.42%. Sequencing and comparative analysis of five PCR-amplified DNA fragments revealed that four epidemic strains of PoSaV (swine/XJ-KO1, swine/XJ-AK2, swine/XJ-KS1, and swine/XJ-SHZ1) shared high nucleotide and amino acid identities with Cowden strain, while strain swine/XJ-AK1 shared higher high identities with Po/OH-JJ681/2000/US isolate. Phylogenetic clustering further verified that the epidemic strains of PoSaVs, i.e., swine/XJ-KO1, swine/XJ-AK2, swine/XJ-KS1, and swine/XJ-SHZ1, belong to genogroup (GIII) while swine/XJ-AK1 belongs to GVI. This survey confirmed for the first time that PoSaV infection was common in piglets in Xinjiang, China, and that the epidemic strains exist at least in both GIII and GVI clusters. This study provided the useful epidemiological data for scientific control and prevention of this disease.

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BACKGROUND:There is a certain association between stem cels, microenvironment and methods for promoting blood circulation and removing stasis. OBJECTIVE:To propose a perspective of“kidney properties”of promoting blood circulation and removing stasis by elaborating the correlation and interactions of stem cels and microenvironment with methods for promoting blood circulation and removing stasis. METHODS:A computer-based search of Chinese Journal Ful-text Database, Wanfang and PubMed was performed for articles published form 2009 to 2015 addressing improving stem cel proliferation and differentiation by promoting blood circulation and removing stasis as wel as microenvironments. The keywords were “bone mesenchymal stem cels, transformation, differentiation, blood-activation and stasis-resolved method, microenvironment” in Chinese and English, respectively. Finaly, 32 literatures were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Stem cels homing to the damaged tissue trigger an“environment-dependent differentiation”,that is, stem cels candifferentiate into myocardial cels, vascular endothelial cels and other injured tissues and cels under local special microenvironments. Microenvironment as an assembly for integrating dynamic, microscopic changes as wel as development of a variety of indices is of great importance for stem cel survival, proliferation and differentiation. Recipes for promoting blood circulation and removing stasis are involvedto regulate multi-steps and multi-targets during stem cel homing. Theoreticaly, this review attempts to investigate correlation among stem cels, microenvironment and methods for promoting blood circulation and removing stasis in association with previous preclinical and clinical findings. Here, we further refine the view of “kidney properties” of promoting blood circulation and removing stasis and clarify that stem cels as the material basis of “kidney properties”of promoting blood circulation and removing stasis is the main executor for promoting blood circulation and removing stasis. This paper is of a certain value for fuly revealing the scientific connotation of the theory of promoting blood circulation and removing stasis.

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Mycoplasma pneumonia is one of the most important infectious diseases that threaten sheep production. In order to investigate the epidemic status of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection in sheep, indirect hemagglutination assay was used to analyze 1679 serum samples collected from four different breeds of sheep (Kazak sheep, Hu sheep, Merino sheep, and Duolang sheep) in six regions in Xinjiang between 2012 and 2014. One thousand one hundred sixty-nine sheep nasal swabs and 180 lungs were PCR analyzed. The results showed that the average positive rates of the serum samples were 17.75 %. The positive rates were between 9.76 and 30.61 % in the four breeds. Among them, the Hu sheep had a significantly higher rate than other breeds (P < 0.05). The average positive rates of nasal swabs and lungs were 10.18 and 28.89 %, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic trees of 16S RNA gene, the isolates were closest to those strains isolated from inland areas of China, indicating that these epidemic isolates came from the trans-province introductions. Our survey suggests that quarantine is necessary for sheep imported from inland, and effective immunization should be implemented in sheep susceptible to M. ovipneumoniae in Xinjiang, China.

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BACKGROUND:New ideas for regenerative treatment of cardiovascular disease are as fol ows:to understand the changes in al kinds of stem cel s differentiating into cardiomyocytes, to determine the physiological role of differentiated stem cel s in cardiac functional activities, to stimulate the proliferative potential of various stem cel s under certain conditions that can directly differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes, thereby replenishing deficient cardiomyocytes and effectively inhibiting excessive proliferation of fibroblasts. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of panax notoginseng saponins, salidroside and astragalus effective components on the homing, proliferation and differentiation of endogenous CD105-positive bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s of myocardial infarction rats. METHODS:Acute myocardial infarction rats were randomly divided into activating blood circulation group, tonifying qi group, activating blood circulation+tonifying qi group (combined group), model group. Normal rats served as control group. The former three groups were oral y given 80 g/L Xuesaitong soft capsules (panax notoginseng saponins as the main component), 0.5 g/mL astragalus particles and 70 g/L Nuodikang capsules (salidroside as the main component), respectively, at a dose of 1 mL/100 g, once a day, total y for 28 days. The control and model groups were given the same volume of normal saline. Expressions of CD105, CD117, vimentin, cardiac troponin T (cTnT), zinc finger transcription factor 4 (GATA-4) and Ki-67 were detected using immunohistochemical method at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 days of drug administration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Compared with the control group, the expressions of CD105, CD117, cTnT, GATA-4 and Ki-67 were higher in the model group, which were increased at 1-7 days, peaked at 7 days, and then decreased. Compared with the model group, the expressions of CD105, CD117, cTnT, GATA-4 and Ki-67 were significantly higher in the activating blood circulation group, tonifying qi group and combined group, especial y in the activating blood circulating group, at different time of drug administration (P<0.05). In each group, the staining results of Ki-67 were not exactly paral el to those of CD105, CD117, cTnT and GATA-4, but their rising tendency was substantial y the same. (2) Compared with the control group, the vimentin expression in the model group was higher, which showed an increasing tend at 1-3 days, peaked at 3 days and then declined. Compared with the model group, the vimentin expression was significantly lower in the activating blood circulation group, tonifying qi group and combined group, especial y in the activating blood circulating group, at different time of drug administration (P<0.05). It suggested that the activating blood circulation group had a remarkable antifibrotic role. These findings indicate that panax notoginseng saponins, salidroside and astragalus effective components al can promote the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s to delay myocardial remodeling, but the recipe for promoting blood circulation has the most obvious outcomes.

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Hydatid worms, hosted by humans and animals, impose serious human health risk and cause significant livestock production loss. To better understand the disease infection status in Xinjiang, China, we investigated the disease epidemics in 4 livestock animals, i.e., cattle, sheep (both sheep and goat), camels, and horses, slaughtered at the abattoirs in Urumqi, Yining, Tacheng, and Altay areas. The results showed that the animals were infected at different rates, in the order of sheep (9.8%), cattle (8.4%), camels (6.8%), and horses (4.3%). The infection rates were found to be different between the abattoirs in various regions even for the same animals. For sheep, the rates increased significantly as the animals grew older. It was 1.9% before 1 year of age and increased to 8.2% in the age of 1-2 years, and further increased to 12.3% when the animals were 3-4 years old, and reached 17.2% when they were 5-6 year old. Sheep older than 6 years had an infection rate of 19.5%. This study demonstrates that the 4 livestock animals in the pastoral areas in Xinjiang were infected by the parasites to various extend. This study is the first systematic investigation of the hydatid worms in various livestock animals in Xinjiang, China, which provides epidemiological information about the infection of hydatid worms in livestock, and is valuable in developing strategies for prevention and control of the hydatid disease.

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Objective To investigate the difference of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBP-α) gene induced apoptosis between hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in mice with liver fibrosis.Methods Sixty BALB/c mice were evenly divided into normal group,model group,treatment group,blank control group and negative control group,12 mice in each group.Except the mice of normal control group,the mice of other groups were treated with intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 to establish liver fibrosis mice model.Mice of treatment group,blank control group and negative control group were administrated with C/EBP-α carried adenovirus (Ad-C/EBP-α),phosphate buffered solution and empty vector of adenovirus (Ad-EGFP) respectively through tail vein for the first week.The expression of C/EBP-α and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was detected by immunohistochemistry method.Sinusoidal endothelial structure of peri-portal regions and far from portal regions was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM).Terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was applied to detect apoptosis of cells in liver tissue.The degree of liver fibrosis in mice was determined with sirius red staining and hydroxyproline content measurement.Single factor variance analysis was performed for comparison among multiple groups,and t test was used for comparison between two groups.Results C/EBP-α was expressed in nucleus of hepatocyte in normal control group mice.The expression decreased in model group,blank control group and negative control group.However,the expression of C/EBP-α of treatment group increased,and mainly expressed in cells located in perisinusoidal and perivascular.Hepatic sinusoids was distorted,blood vessel wall thickened.Hepatocyte degeneration and lots of lipid droplets was found in model group,blank control group and negative control group.The thicken degree of endothelial layer of blood vessel of treatment group was lower than that of model group.The percentage of sirius red positive cells of normal group,model group,treatment group,blank control group and negative control group was (0.10±0.03)％,(5.81±0.32)％,(2.32±0.45)％,(6.34± 0.81)％ and (6.10± 0.92)％,respectively; content of hydroxyproline was (0.07±0.00) μg/mg,(0.69 ± 0.10) μg/mg,(0.19±0.06) μg/mg,(0.56±0.03) μg/mg and (0.64±0.08) μg/mg,respectively; the percentage of α-SMA positive cells was (0.50 ±0.03)％,(5.30 ± 0.52)％,(2.15 ± 0.29)％,(5.53 ± 0.43) ％ and (5.42 ± 0.25) ％,respectively; the number of TUNEL positive cells was (0.25 ± 0.08),(0.15±0.02),(7.10±1.53),(0.13±0.03) and (0.18±0.07),respectively.The differences between the groups were statistically significant (F=113.74,148.29,292.43 and 140.25,all P＜0.05).The difference between normal group and model group,between model group and treatment group,between treatment group and blank control group,between treatment group and negative control group were statistically significant (tarirus positive cell =-52.54,-16.20,-10.60 and-7.99,thydroxyproline content =-168.00,11.53,11.07 and 12.54,ta SMA pusitive cells-24.77,-13.82,15.94 and 18.37,tTUNEL positive cells =3.26,-11.91,-11.95 and-11.88,all P＜ 0.05),there was no statistically significant difference between model group and blank control group,between model group and negative control group (both P＞0.05).TUNEL positive cells mainly located in perisinusoidal and perivascular of liver in mice,which was consistent with the distribution of α-SMA-positive cells.Conclusion C/EBP-α could effectively relieve CCl4 induced liver fibrosis in mice mainly through inducing HSC apoptosis,however no apoptosis effect on hepatocytes.