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Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignant tumor in dermatology with incidence rising rapidly. Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (2021) was published in September 2021 by Skin Tumor Research Center, Chinese Society of Dermatology and Subcommittee on Skin Tumor, China Dermatologist Association. This consensus comprehensively describes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, pathology, pretreatment assessment, treatment, prognosis, and follow-up education. It offers an important guideline for promoting the standardized diagnosis and treatment of skin BCC in China. In this work, multidisciplinary experts interpreted the main contents of the consensus, including clinicopathological findings, pretreatment assessment, and treatment advance.

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Objective:To retrospectively analyze clinical characteristics and treatment of pemphigus/bullous pemphigoid (BP) complicated by herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection.Methods:Inpatients with pemphigus/BP complicated by HSV infection were collected from Wuhan No.1 Hospital from 2016 to 2021, and their clinical characteristics, treatment and follow-up results were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 8 patients with pemphigus/BP complicated by HSV infection, there were 2 males and 6 females, and their age was 50.6 ± 8.3 years. Five of them were diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris (PV), 1 with pemphigus foliaceus (PF), and 2 with BP. Seven were infected with HSV-1, and 1 with HSV-2. All the 8 patients were given systemic glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents for the treatment of pemphigus or BP, and were admitted to the hospital due to resistance to the treatment. Seven patients presented with exacerbation or recurrence of primary lesions, and 1 presented with enlarged lesions all over the body. HSV infection-induced lesions were located on the trunk in 4 cases, on the oral mucosa in 4, on the scalp in 3, and on the face in 2; lesions mainly manifested as irregular erosions with blood crusts, and some centrally umbilicated pustules; 7 patients had obvious pain at the lesional sites. During HSV infection, anti-desmoglein 1 antibody levels decreased in all the 6 patients with pemphigus, and anti-desmoglein 3 antibody levels decreased in 4 of the 5 patients with pemphigus vulgaris; anti-BP180 antibody levels decreased in 1 patient with BP, but increased in the other one with BP. After antiviral therapy at adequate doses for adequate durations (7- to 14-day treatment with valacyclovir alone or in combination with ganciclovir), HSV infection was controlled, the autoimmune bullous skin disorder intensity scores decreased compared with those before the antiviral therapy, and pain was significantly relieved in all the patients. No dose adjustment of glucocorticoids or other immunosuppressive agents was made during antiviral therapy in all patients.Conclusion:HSV infection should be considered when patients with pemphigus/BP suffer from recurrence or exacerbation and poorly respond to conventional treatment; for patients with pemphigus/BP complicated by HSV infection, systemic antiviral therapy at adequate doses can be used to control the disease condition without modifying the conventional immunosuppressive regimen.

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Interface dermatitis refers to a group of skin diseases in which inflammation mainly involves the dermo-epidermal junction, including lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, lichen sclerosus, lichen nitidus, lichen striatus, erythema multiforme, bullous pemphigoid, Riehl melanosis, poikiloderma, large-plaque parapsoriasis/mycosis fungoides, etc. Interface dermatitis shows characteristic reflectance confocal microscopic features. This review summarizes reflectance confocal microscopic characteristics of interface dermatitis and recent progress in the application of reflectance confocal microscopy in auxiliary diagnosis of interface dermatitis.

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Objective:To investigate the effect of gallic acid on the morphology, proliferation and cell cycle of keloid fibroblasts, as well as on collagen contraction and the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) /Sma- and Mad-related proteins (Smads) signaling pathway, and to explore the role and mechanisms of action of gallic acid in the treatment of keloids.Methods:From August to December 2022, 3 keloid tissue samples were collected from 3 patients with clinically and pathologically confirmed keloids after surgery in the Department of Dermatologic Surgery, Wuhan No.1 Hospital. Primary fibroblasts were isolated and cultured by using the tissue culture method, and 3- to 8-passage fibroblasts were used for subsequent experiments. Cultured keloid fibroblasts were divided into 4 groups: low-, medium- and high-dose gallic acid groups treated with 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml gallic acid respectively, and a control group cultured with Dulbecco′s modified Eagle′s medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal calf serum. After 24-, 48-, and 72-hour treatment, cellular proliferative activity was evaluated by cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) assay, and collagen contraction by using a three-dimensional culture method. After 24-hour treatment in the above groups, pictures were taken using a differential interference inverted fluorescence microscope, and changes in the cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. Some keloid fibroblasts were divided into 2 groups: an experimental group (high-dose gallic acid group) treated with 0.1 mg/ml gallic acid, and a control group cultured with DMEM containing 10% fetal calf serum. After 24-hour treatment, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the changes in supernatant concentrations of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 in the two groups, real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR to detect the relative mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Statistical analysis was carried out using t test, one-way analysis of variance and two-way analysis of variance, and least significant difference (LSD) - t test was used for multiple comparisons. Results:Compared with the control group, the gallic acid groups showed gradual changes in the shape of keloid fibroblasts under the microscope as the dose of gallic acid increased, including gradually shrinking cell bodies, enlarged intercellular spaces, cell atrophy, increased number of apoptotic cells, etc. CCK8 assay showed that the cellular proliferative activity changed significantly as the dose of gallic acid increased and the treatment time was prolonged ( Fgroup = 78.31, P < 0.001; Ftime = 4.17, P = 0.037), and the proliferative activity of keloid fibroblasts was significantly lower in the high-dose gallic acid group than in the control group at 24, 48, and 72 hours (all P < 0.05). The three-dimensional culture showed that different degrees of collagen contraction occurred in all groups over time, marked collagen contraction was observed in the control group, and a lower degree of collagen contraction in the gallic acid groups; the collagen contraction indices were significantly lower in the medium- and high-dose gallic acid groups than in the control group at 24, 48, and 72 hours (all P < 0.05). Flow cytometry showed that the cell apoptosis rates were significantly higher in the low-, medium- and high-dose gallic acid groups (38.68% ± 3.05%, 41.82% ± 2.19%, 43.56% ± 3.58%, respectively) than in the control group (12.58% ± 1.56%, all P < 0.001) after 24-hour treatment; compared with the control group, the medium- and high-dose gallic acid groups showed significantly decreased proportions of cells in the G0/G1 phase (both P < 0.01), but significantly increased proportions of cells in the S phase and G2/M phase (all P < 0.05). ELISA revealed that the TGF-β1 concentration was significantly lower in the high-dose gallic acid group (758.58 ± 31.42 pg/ml) than in the control group (1 081.30 ± 44.72 pg/ml, t = 11.81, P<0.001), there was no significant difference in the TGF-β2 concentration between the high-dose gallic acid group (71.05 ± 7.40 pg/ml) and the control group (76.43 ± 6.51 pg/ml, t = 1.09, P = 0.317), while the TGF-β3 concentration was significantly higher in the high-dose gallic acid group (5.70 ± 3.87 pg/ml) than in the control group (0.00 ± 0.00 pg/ml, t = 2.94, P = 0.026). As real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR revealed, the high-dose gallic acid group showed significantly decreased mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, and α-SMA (all P < 0.05), but significantly increased mRNA expression level of TGF-β3 ( t = 6.78, P = 0.002) compared with the control group; however, there was no significant difference in the TGF-β2 mRNA expression level between the above two groups ( t = 0.05, P = 0.962) . Conclusion:Gallic acid could change the cell cycle, inhibit the proliferative activity, promote apoptosis and change the shape of keloid fibroblasts, and thus inhibit scar formation and contraction, which may be related to the inhibition of TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway.

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Research ObjectiveHealth systems use clinical predictive algorithms to allocate resources to high-risk patients. Such algorithms are trained using historical data and are later implemented in clinical settings. During this implementation period, predictive algorithms are prone to performance changes ("drift") due to exogenous shocks in utilization or shifts in patient characteristics. Our objective was to examine the impact of sudden utilization shifts during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the performance of an electronic health record (EHR)-based prognostic algorithm. Study DesignWe studied changes in the performance of Conversation Connect, a validated machine learning algorithm that predicts 180-day mortality among outpatients with cancer receiving care at medical oncology practices within a large academic cancer center. Conversation Connect generates mortality risk predictions before each encounter using data from 159 EHR variables collected in the six months before the encounter. Since January 2019, Conversation Connect has been used as part of a behavioral intervention to prompt clinicians to consider early advance care planning conversations among patients with [≥]10% mortality risk. First, we descriptively compared encounter-level characteristics in the following periods: January 2019-February 2020 ("pre-pandemic"), March-May 2020 ("early-pandemic"), and June-December 2020 ("later-pandemic"). Second, we quantified changes in high-risk patient encounters using interrupted time series analyses that controlled for pre-pandemic trends and demographic, clinical, and practice covariates. Our primary metric of performance drift was false negative rate (FNR). Third, we assessed contributors to performance drift by comparing distributions of key EHR inputs across periods and predicting later pandemic utilization using pre-pandemic inputs. Population Studied237,336 in-person and telemedicine medical oncology encounters. Principal FindingsAge, race, average patient encounters per month, insurance type, comorbidity counts, laboratory values, and overall mortality were similar among encounters in the pre-, early-, and later-pandemic periods. Relative to the pre-pandemic period, the later-pandemic period was characterized by a 6.5-percentage-point decrease (28.2% vs. 34.7%) in high-risk encounters (p<0.001). FNR increased from 41.0% (95% CI 38.0-44.1%) in the pre-pandemic period to 57.5% (95% CI 51.9-63.0%) in the later pandemic period. Compared to the pre-pandemic period, the early and later pandemic periods had higher proportions of telemedicine encounters (0.01% pre-pandemic vs. 20.0% early-pandemic vs. 26.4% later-pandemic) and encounters with no preceding laboratory draws (17.7% pre-pandemic vs. 19.8% early-pandemic vs. 24.1% later-pandemic). In the later pandemic period, observed laboratory utilization was lower than predicted (76.0% vs 81.2%, p<0.001). In the later-pandemic period, mean 180-day mortality risk scores were lower for telemedicine encounters vs. in-person encounters (10.3% vs 11.2%, p<0.001) and encounters with no vs. any preceding laboratory draws (1.5% vs. 14.0%, p<0.001). ConclusionsDuring the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic period, the performance of a machine learning prognostic algorithm used to prompt advance care planning declined substantially. Increases in telemedicine and declines in laboratory utilization contributed to lower performance. Implications for Policy or PracticeThis is the first study to show algorithm performance drift due to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic-related shifts in telemedicine and laboratory utilization. These mechanisms of performance drift could apply to other EHR clinical predictive algorithms. Pandemic-related decreases in care utilization may negatively impact the performance of clinical predictive algorithms and warrant assessment and possible retraining of such algorithms.

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A 66-year-old female patient presented with blisters on the scalp and neck for 1 month. She had a history of type 2 diabetes for 6 years, and started taking the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin at a dose of 5 mg once a day 6 months before the onset of eruption. Skin examination showed scattered mung bean- to peanut-sized blisters on the scalp, and some blisters broke with exudation and crusts. There was a pigeon egg-sized bulla and two mung bean-sized blisters on the left neck, with tense blister walls, clear blister fluids, non-erythematous base, and Nikolsky′s sign was negative. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that the serum levels of anti-BP180 NC16A and anti-BP230 antibodies were 5.81 and 139.76 kU/L respectively. Histopathological examination of the blister on the neck showed subepidermal blister formation, and infiltration with neutrophils and a few eosinophils in the blister. The patient was finally diagnosed with localized anti-BP230-type bullous pemphigoid. This case of anti-BP230-type bullous pemphigoid associated with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin was firstly reported in China.

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Acute ischemic stroke has ischemic penumbra and actual infarct core, and when there is a bigger difference in the volume of the two, it is called " mismatch". It is not only manifested as a mismatch between the clinical manifestations and the infarct core, but also as a mismatch between the infarct core and the perfusion area. The advancement of neuroimaging technology enables this " mismatch" phenomenon to be manifested through different imaging methods or different sequences of the same imaging method, thereby providing more guidance for the further diagnosis and treatment process.

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Objective To investigate dermoscopic,reflectance confocal microscopic (RCM) and histopathological features of trichoepithelioma.Methods A total of 23 outpatients with histopathologically confirmed trichoepithelioma were enrolled from Department of Dermatology,Wuhan No.1 Hospital between January 2017 and December 2018.Dermoscopic and RCM images were collected,and the consistency was analyzed between dermoscopic or RCM features and histopathological features.Results Among the 23 patients,5 were male,and 18 were female.Their age was 39.5 ± 22.1 years.Histopathological examination showed that the tumor was well-circumscribed and surrounded by abundant fiber matrices,consisted of many basaloid cells forming clusters or interlacing cords with surrounding cells arranged in a fence-like pattern.Tumor cells differentiated into dermal papilla cells to different extents,and varying amounts of keratinous cysts were observed.RCM showed bud-like downward extension of cord-like cells at the dermoepidermal junction in 8 patients,which tended to be arranged in a fence-like pattern;seemingly lobulating nodular tumor masses were scattered in the dermis in 18 patients,which appeared as extended hypoechoic structures,with no constriction gap between tumor masses and surrounding tissues;tumor masses were surrounded by moderately to highly refractive amorphous substance in 16 patients;characteristic hair papilla structures suspected to be derived from primary differentiation were observed in 16 patients;keratinous cysts were clearly observed in 20 patients.Dermoscopy clearly showed that homogeneous pearlwhite structures in 20 patients,and linear telangiectasia in 10 patients.Conclusion RCM features of trichoepithelioma are highly consistent with its histopathological features,so reflectance confocal microscopy can serve as an efficient method for auxiliary and differential diagnosis.

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@#Objective　To investigate the effect of the active ingredients of Tianma preparation on the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide（CGRP） and adenosine A1 receptor in migraine model rats. Methods　Eighty-four SPF rats were randomly divided into 7 groups （n=12）：sham operation group （group A），electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion group（ESTG group），Sumatriptan group （group C），gastrodin group （group D），4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol group （group E），vanilanol group （group F），β-sitosterol group （group G）. The enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay （ELISA），immunofluorescence and western-blot techniques were used to dected the effect of the active components of Tianma preparation on the expression of CGRP and adenosine A1 receptor. Results　Compared with group A，the expression of CGRP in trigeminal ganglia （TG） and trigeminal nucleus caudalis （TNC） in group B rats was significantly increased，while the expression of adenosine A1 receptor was significantly decreased，with statistically significant differences （P<0.01）. Compared with group B，the expression of CGRP in TG and TNC in group C and D was significantly decreased，and the expression of adenosine A1 receptor was significantly increased，with statistically significant differences （P<0.01）. There was no significant difference between group E，F，G and group B （P>0.05）. Compared with group C，the expression of CGRP and adenosine A1 receptor in TG and TNC of rats in group D was not statistically significant （P>0.05）. Conclusion　Like sumatriptan，The preventive application of gastrodin can alleviate the migraine attack，while the effects of vanillin，4-hydroxybenzyl alcoholand β-sitosterol were not good enough. In addition，gastrodin can inhibit the occurrence of migraine by activating adenosine A1 receptor and inhibiting the release of CGRP.

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Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are a rare group of immune-mediated disorders that affect the central and peripheral neuromuscular system in association with cancer.If the limbal lobe system of the brain is involved,it will show paraneoplastic limbal encephalitis(PLE).The discern of patients with PNS is challenging since tumors causing paraneoplastic neurologic disorders are often asymptomatic and sometimes occult.We report a case of PLE with double positive anti-Hu and Yo antibodies,and further analyze and discuss it in conmbination with relevant literature to improve the understanding of the disease.

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Ischemic stroke is characterized by high incidence, high recurrence rate, high morbidity, and high mortality. It is very important to achieve reperfusion in an effective time window by various means. Recent studies have shown that reperfusion injury can aggravate the condition. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the pathogenesis and prevention and treatment strategies of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. This article reviews the mechanism, post-injury changes, prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the two most commonly used chemotherapy regimens gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) and methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin/adriamycin, and cisplatin (MVAC) regimens for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients. METHODS: We searched for all studies investigating GC and MVAC for MIBC patients in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Central Search Library. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. RESULTS: Our searches identified 13 studies among 2174 patients. In the meta-analysis, the pathological complete response to GC regimens was superior to MVAC regimens. No significant difference in pathological partial response was found between the two groups. GC regimens were associated with a significant decrease risk in Grade 3-4 neutropenia, mucositis, and febrile neutropenia, but a significant increase risk in Grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia. There was no significant difference in overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) when compared GC regimens to MVAC regimens. CONCLUSIONS: GC regimens significantly improved pathological complete response compared to MVAC regimens. GC regimens were associated with a significant decrease risk in Grade 3-4 neutropenia, mucositis, and febrile neutropenia, but a significant increase risk in Grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia. There was no significant difference in OS, DSS, and DFS when compared the two regimens.

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Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most common psychiatric disorder after stroke,and mood disorders are the main manifestations.Clinical investigation shows that the prevalence of PSD is as high as 30％-50％.It seriously affects the lives and work of patients,and brings serious impact and heavy economic burden on individuals,families,and the entire society.The discovery of serum biomarkers of PSD has provided a new direction for its diagnosis and treatment.This article reviews the serum biomarker of PSD.

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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have indicated association between GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms and bladder cancer susceptibility, but the results have been inconclusive. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the association between GSTM1/GSTT1 deletion polymorphisms and bladder cancer susceptibility. METHODS: We searched for all studies investigating the association between GSTM1 or GSTT1 polymorphism and bladder cancer susceptibility in Pubmed, Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Central Search Library. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. Subgroup analyses were performed on different ethnicity, population-based and smoking status. RESULTS: Our search identified 63 studies. GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null and GSTM1/GSTT1 double-null genotypes were associated with increased risk of bladder cancer (OR: 1.36 95% CI: 1.25-1.47, P<0.01; OR: 1.13 95% CI: 1.02-1.25, P<0.01; OR: 1.84 95% CI: 1.50-2.26, P<0.01). Subgroup analyses indicated that the GSTM1-null genotype was associated with increased risk of bladder cancer in Caucasians and Asians, while the GSTT1-null genotype was associated with increased risk of bladder cancer in Caucasians. The GSTM1/GSTT1 double-null genotype was associated with increased risk of bladder cancer in Caucasians, Asians, and Africans. Stratified analyses of population-based associations indicated increased bladder cancer risk associated with GSTM1-null and GSTM1/GSTT1 double-null genotypes in hospital-based and population-based studies. GSTM1 deletion was associated with increased bladder cancer risk in both smokers and nonsmokers. Non-smokers with the GSTM1/GSTT1 double-null genotype had an increased bladder cancer risk. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis demonstrates that the GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null, and GSTM1/GSTT1 double-null genotypes are associated with increased bladder cancer risk.

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Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a high-risk signal of acute ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, indicates a significant increase in the risk of ischemic stroke, especially within 7 days.Risk assessment and stratification are important in patients with TIA.A variety of simple prediction scales were developed based on the risk factors for stroke in patients with TIA, such as the California scale, ABCD scale, and ABCD2 scale.Among them, the ABCD scale score is used most commonly, but as its application becomes more and more common, the defects of this scale are also increasingly apparent.In recent years, some derived scales of ABCD score were introduced in order to improve the sensitivity and specificity of prediction.This article reviews the evolution, contents, characteristics, and predictive value of the ABCD score and its derived scales in the prediction of stroke risk in patients with TIA.

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The Purpose of this study was to evaluate the sexual function after partial penectomy for penile carcinoma patients. Between January 2010 and May 2013, patients treated with partial penectomy at our institution were prospectively enrolled in this study. Sexual function (IIEF-15), age, body mass index, penile length in the flaccid state after partial penectomy (PL), treatment, having a partner and psychological factors (SAS scores and SDS scores) were assessed. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed. 43 patients were included in our study. The median age was 56 years, and the median PL was 4 cm. The preoperative IIEF-15, SAS, SDS scores were significantly different from the postoperative scores. There was no statistically significant difference between the patients treated with partial penectomy and partial penectomy+ lymphadenectomy on IIEF-15 scores. Age was negatively associated with erectile function, sexual desire, and overall satisfaction; PL was positively associated with intercourse satisfaction; SAS score was negatively associated with erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, and intercourse satisfaction. Our preliminary findings suggest that the sexual function after partial penectomy was significantly reduced. The sexual function was negatively affected by age and anxiety but positively affected by PL.

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Objective To analyze clinical characteristics of pemphigoid nodularis. Methods Seven cases of pemphigoid nodularis were included in this retrospective study. The clinicopathological features of pemphigoid nodularis were retrospectively analyzed, including patients′gender, age at onset, clinical manifestations, treatment and follow?up. Results Of the 7 patients, 4 were female and 3 were male, with the median age at onset being 59 years. Clinical manifestations mainly included markedly pruritic prurigo?like lesions and nodular lesions with or without blisters. The most common misdiagnoses were nodular prurigo and eczema. Pathology showed epidermal hyperplasia and subepidermal clefts, collagen hyperplasia in the papillary dermis, and perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the superficial dermis in all the patients. Direct immunofluorescence assay showed linear deposition of IgG and C3 in the basement membrane zone, and indirect immunofluorescence was positive in 2 patients. Glucocorticoids combined with immunosuppressants were effective in all the patients. Conclusions Pemphigoid nodularis is easy to be misdiagnosed, and immunopathology is helpful for its diagnosis. Glucocorticoids combined with immunosuppressants appear to be effective for its treatment.