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El riesgo reproductivo preconcepcional se encuentra asociado a la vulnerabilidad que presentan algunos grupos de personas en la comunidad, por ello es importante conocer este aspecto para el trabajo preventivo del medico en este sentido. Con este objetivo se realizó una revisión bibliográfíca para caracterizar el Riesgo Preconcepcional como variable de comportamiento en la población femenina y los Métodos Anticonceptivos de control más usados. Concluimos que el riesgo Preconcepcional es un importante problema de salud, recomendándose encaminar los esfuerzos hacia la pesquisa de factores del riesgo preconcepcional y brindar acciones de promoción y prevención de salud encaminadas a la captación precoz de las pacientes con riesgo y su control efectivo.[AU]

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Se realizó una breve síntesis de los documentos que establecen las estrategias de Grado Científico por el MES y el MINSAP en Cuba, con el objetivo de divulgar y motivar a los profesionales que laboran en el sector de la Salud.

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Se diseño un estudio de caso-control que incluyó 73 casos y 145 controles en el municipio Cabaiguan desde octubre del 2005 a mayo de 2006, con análisis bivariante y control de los posibles factores de confusión por análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística dicotómica, onteniéndose los datos de la encuesta realizada por el autor, procesándose los mismos en microcomputadora con los programas EpiInfo 6.2 y SPSS versión 6.1.3. sobre Windows...[AU]

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Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte longitudinal para identificar conocimientos y actitudes en adolescentes de La Parroquia Las Delicias, municipio Girardot, Estado Aragua, sobre las ITS/ VIH-SIDA en el período marzo 2005- febrero 2006. Se encuestaron 362 adolescentes, los datos fueron procesados mediante hoja de cálculo en Excel para obtener frecuencias absolutas y relativas, obteniéndose que predominó el sexo femenino sobre el masculino (76,8), la edad más frecuente de los encuestados fue entre los 15 18 años lo que representa un (54,7); la mayoría de los adolescentes estaban solteros y el mayor porcentaje cursaba el liceo (55.0). Gran número de los encuestados dedicaban su tiempo libre a realizar tareas domésticas (49,2), ver televisión (78,0) y practicar deportes (45,0). Se encontró que la mayoría tenían una conducta heterosexual, siendo el SIDA, la Blenorragia y la Sífilis las enfermedades más conocidas por ellos. Los adolescentes acudirían al médico o les pedirían ayuda a los padres en caso de padecer las enfermedades, consideraron que las charlas por los médicos y la televisión eran los métodos más eficaces para obtener conocimiento. Se definió el conocimiento sobre el tema abordado como bueno en el 40.3 de los adolescentes encuestados, regular en el 45.3 y malo en el 14.3 . Los resultados se presentan las tablas, emitiéndose conclusiones y recomendaciones finalizada la investigación.

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UNLABELLED: It is know that a protein from Giardia intestinalis works as a substrate for V. cholerae and Escherichia coli. The toxic activity of both activates protein G form intestinal mucosa with a pathogenic activity results. In the present study, the pathogenic activity of subunit A of Vibrio cholerae toxin (ADP-ribosyltranferase) using isolated fragments from: Giardia intestinalis and a synthetic peptide were used as modulators in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Adult Neo Zealand males rabbits with ileal loop were prepared and different mixtures of heat labile enterotoxin obtained from Escherichia coli H10407 and ARF protein isolated by electrofocusing from Giardia intestinalis Portland I were inoculated in the loops. The toxin activity was evaluated by luminal liquid secretion and cyclic AMP concentration in tissues (each loop). RESULTS: ADP ribosyltranferase activity was modulated, due to a decreased of luminal secretion and cAMP in tissues. Such results were seen when synthetic peptide and subunit A from Vibrio cholerae were used. CONCLUSIONS: The ADP ribosyltranferase activity of heat labile Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae toxins were modified by in vitro and in vivo interaction with ARF protein, which modified pathogenic effect over rabbits intestinal epithelium.

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The C14 radioactive label of PPi analogues was incorporated to E. histolytica after 24 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C; more than 90% of trophozoites remained viable. The PPi dependent phosphofructokinase was isolated in order to determine its kinetic parameters. With PPi, the Km was 18.06 +/- 0.91 micromol/mL-1. Using three different PPi analogues (tetrasodium salts) of (I) 1,1 hydroxy-methyl diphosphonate; (II) 1,1 hydroxy ethylene diphosphonate; (III) 1,1 hydroxy-nonano diphosphonate, KiI was 35.19 +/- 1.74; KiII was 42.65 +/- 0.65, and KiIII 2as 62.81 +/- 0.27 micromol/mL-1. The graphic expression of these results shows that the enzyme was competitively inhibited by the three analogues. When trophozoites were incubated with each one of the three inhibitors, a correlation was observed between the concentration and the cytolytic inhibition with an r = 0.98. Nevertheless, the slope obtained was different for each one of them. The smallest concentration of inhibitor to achieve a 50% lysis inhibition of trophozoites was that of inhibitor III. In addition, it was demonstrated that the incubation of the trophozoites with this inhibitor increased the time needed to destroy CHO cells. We conclude that enzymatic inhibition of the PPi dependent phosphofructokinase caused by the PPi analogues was responsible for the modification of the lytic capacity of trophozoites, possibly by altering the metabolic pathway of carbohydrates.

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The mechanism by which trophozoites of E histolytica destroy mammalian cells has been correlated with the polymerization of the actin contained in the amoeba's cytoskeleton. This is preceded by the attachment of the amoeba lectins with carbohydrates in the cell surface. Here we describe the events of the interaction of E histolytica cytoskeleton with human red blood cells using fluorescence microscopy of glutaraldehyde-fixed trophozoites membrane removed with triton X-100 and stained with rhodamine-phalloidin. The challenge with RBC revealed a maximum polymerization two minutes after the challenge. The most active phagocytosis was observed four minutes after challenge. The use of fluorescent phalloidin showed to be a fast method which specifically binds to the F form of actin; this method is easier than methods which use monoclonal antibodies to identify actin.

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The enzymatic activity of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) dependent phosphofructokinase became manifest in the supernatant obtained by centrifugation in a homogenate of E. histolytica strain HMI-IMSS at 700,000 g. Partial purification of the enzyme was achieved by column chromatography with Ultrogel AcA-34. Ten protein elution spikes were obtained: five showed enzymatic activity. Elution spikes I and II attained the highest values of specific enzymatic activity 6.45 and 6.98 U/mg of protein, respectively. Next were spikes X and III with similar values 2.55 and 2.63 U/mg of protein, and spike IV presented the lowest value of 0.86 U/mg of protein. The five spikes were used to immunize hamsters which were challenged intrahepatically, four weeks later, with 3 x 10(5) trophozoites of E. histolytica. A control group of animals not immunized underwent intrahepatic challenge with the same number of amebae. The proteins with enzymatic activity contained in elution spikes I and II conferred immunologic protection in 100% of the animals, while elution spikes X and III were protective in 50 to 63%, and spike IV gave the lowest value of 37%. It can be assumed that there is an antienzyme antibody responsible for the absence of hepatic abscesses in the immunized hamsters.

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Two hundred and twenty-five Syrian golden hamsters were used. Twenty five of them served as the control group. All other hamsters were intradermal immunized, once a week for four weeks, with a mixture of amebic proteins, mixed with complete Freund adjuvant, obtained from 5 x 10(5) homogenized dead amebic trophozoites from five different strains. Each group of hamsters (five groups of 40 animals each) were immunized with one of the following strains: E. histolytica HM-531, HJ-1, HM1-IMSS, E. chattoni PM-4 and PM-5. All hamsters, including those from the control group, were later inoculated with 0.2 mL equivalent to 1 x 10(5) live trophozoites from the different strains grown in axenic TYI-S-33 medium. Inoculation was performed by direct injection into the liver. The hamsters were sacrificed eight days later and their livers examined. All non-immunized animals showed extensive gross hepatic nodular abscesses. The liver of immunized hamsters showed mild to moderate lesions: the histopathological striking feature was non-specific granulomata. It is concluded that the immunized animals inoculated with homologous stock showed protective immunity to amebic infections. In other cases, immunity was seen though they were inoculated with a heterologous stock.

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A 61 years old male with Z-E syndrome is reported. He presented gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, slightly elevated gastrin and hypoglycemia. He underwent total gastrectomy, a non-resectable tumor of the tail of the pancreas with liver metastasis were found. A biopsy of the liver metastasis and the gastric mucosa were reviewed under the light and the transmission electronic microscopes. The gastric mucosa showed abundant parietal cells. The metastatic hepatic tissue was poorly differentiated under the light microscope and the electron micrographs revealed tissue resembling pancreatic islands of Langerhans with granules in the cytoplasm, this means that the neoplasm originated from APUD cells.

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The morphology of the intestinal mucosa was reviewed using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy from a two year-old male patient with protein losing primary intestinal lyphangiectasis. Diagnostic studies ruled out recognized forms of secondary intestinal lymphangiectasia (e.g cardiac, hepatic, renal diseases or lymphoreticular cancer). Furthermore, certain features distinguish this patient from the secondary type: decreased immunoglobulin and albumin levels, lymphocytopenia, chylous ascitis and delated lymphatics on small-bowel biopsy.

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A batch of 45 male Wistar rats, weighing 180 to 325 grams, were used in the experiment. Partial hepatectomy was practiced to them and liver biopsies taken at different periods of times: 0 (control) 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours and 45 days. The biopsies were examined at the electron microscope. During liver regeneration, a sequence of morphological changes was detected, having started with an important decrease of cytoplasmic particles, increase of lipids and laminar bodies like myelin. After 24 hours, preparatory changes for cellular regeneration were observed prior to full regeneration which was reached later.

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The morphological study of lymph node biopsies by light and electron microscopes is reported. The patient was a 7 months old infant with Gaucher's disease and infection symptoms of upper respiratory ducts. We believe this to be a case of lesser affection, since the patient was admitted complaining of complications that gave way to medical treatment. Lymphadenopathy and moderate liver and splenomegaly were occasional findings during examination. Through the light microscope, Gaucher's cells showed an eccentric nucleous, cytoplasmic striae which, at the electron microscope showed to be tubular bodies.

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At the light and electronic microscopes, 32 myocardial biopsies from 16 patients were studied. The study was carried out in 8 children under 5 years of age and in 8 adults over 20 years during open-sky surgery of the chest done to correct some congenital or acquired heart anomaly. Control biopsies were taken before the application of extracorporeal circulation and a second biopsy, after an average of 30 minutes of hypoxia, which was the time taken to perform the surgical correction of the anomaly. Following extracorporeal circulation, all cases showed mitochondrial mutuations, such as disorganization of their crests, marked distension, from edema to emptiness due to hypoxia. The lack of glycogen, the disorganization of the myofibrillae, decreased neatness of the sarcoplasm and nuclei with marginated chromation, were all preceded by mitochondrial mutations due to oxidative phosphorylation deficiency.

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